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胫骨平台骨折术后深静脉血栓并上消化道动脉出血1例

2019-08-06 孙延桃 韩雪昆 李金 中国骨与关节损伤杂志

患者,男,50岁,因车祸致伤左膝疼痛伴活动受限4h入院。入院查体:左膝稍肿、压痛,浮髌征阳性,活动受限,其余无明显异常。入院诊断:左胫骨平台粉碎性骨折(SchatzkerⅣ型)、高血压病Ⅰ期。既往有高血压病史,口服氨氯地平片。否认肝炎及结核病史,否认药物及食物过敏史,否认输血史,否认吸烟饮酒史,否认黑便及呕血史。入院后完善术前检查,脱水消肿治疗,改善微循环,无明显手术禁忌证。伤后第10天在连续硬膜

病例报道

患者,男,50岁,因车祸致伤左膝疼痛伴活动受限4h入院。入院查体:左膝稍肿、压痛,浮髌征阳性,活动受限,其余无明显异常。入院诊断:左胫骨平台粉碎性骨折(SchatzkerⅣ型)、高血压病Ⅰ期。既往有高血压病史,口服氨氯地平片。否认肝炎及结核病史,否认药物及食物过敏史,否认输血史,否认吸烟饮酒史,否认黑便及呕血史。入院后完善术前检查,脱水消肿治疗,改善微循环,无明显手术禁忌证。伤后第10天在连续硬膜外麻醉下行切开复位钢板螺钉内固定、自体髂骨植骨术,手术顺利,未输血。术后常规预防感染,术后12h低分子肝素钙2000IU皮下注射抗凝,次日起每天皮下注射4100IU。术后1周患侧左小腿肿胀,B超显示左侧小腿肌间静脉丛内偏低回声,范围33mm×4.6mm,将低分子肝素钙皮下注射变为1次/12h(4100IU),同时加用低分子右旋糖酐500ml(1次/d)静脉滴注改善微循环。术后第10天患者自觉恶心、呕吐1次,为内容物及少量血凝块及淡血性液体,继之解成形黑便2次,伴头晕、心慌、出冷汗,即刻心电监护。

查体:腹部软,无明显压痛及反跳痛,肠鸣音未见异常改变。再追溯病史,患者既往长期饮酒,否认既往消化道溃疡史。急请消化内科会诊,考虑可能为失血性休克、急性应激性溃疡或陈旧性溃疡出血。备血、输血,并进行止血治疗,但治疗无效且情况恶化。在保证充足血源及充分监护前提下急诊行胃镜检查以明确出血部位,争取镜下止血。胃镜显示胃窦部2.5mm×2.5mm圆形溃疡灶,中央基底部搏动性出血呈涌射状,考虑动脉出血,镜下反复用钛夹钳夹止血失败(质地硬),予冰水冲洗、镜下注射甲肾上腺素及血凝酶、用氩气刀止血,出血停止,继续输血治疗,生命体征趋于稳定。术后第21天即出血后第11天好转出院,术后1个月,门诊复查胃镜见溃疡愈合尚好。

讨论

骨科大手术尤其是下肢手术后静脉血栓栓塞发生率较高,是患者围手术期死亡的主要原因之一。目前骨科大手术后已常规进行深静脉血栓预防,而抗凝药物在有效降低静脉血栓发生率的同时也可能增加围手术期出血风险,但出血发生率较低,临床上常不易引起重视。出血常发生于长期饮酒、肝硬化、消化道溃疡等患者。本例既往有长期饮酒史,有胃溃疡发生的高危因素,但在入院询问病史不仔细而未及时发现,术后未用保护胃粘膜的药物,术后未常规检测凝血时间,推测术后发现小腿肌间静脉血栓、加大低分子肝素用量或术后患者体质低下诱发了胃部慢性溃疡出血。患者出血重,病情凶险,整个过程中提示低血容量性休克,经积极非手术治疗无效,胃镜下确认为动脉出血。

但目前尚未见相关文献报道此类疾病,低分子肝素钙应用与消化道出血发生的相关性尚不明确。笔者认为,抗凝药物使用前需注意患者年龄、是否长期饮酒、消化道病史、有无出血倾向等,而长时间服用糖皮质激素、非甾体类药物也会损伤胃粘膜。因此术前常规评估抗凝药物导致出血的风险应受到重视,要重视抗凝治疗前上消化道出血等高危因素的问诊,术后监测血常规和抗凝后的凝血时间,进行大便隐血试验,有上消化道疾病者在抗凝药物使用前予以胃镜检查,术后增加胃粘膜保护药物的使用。

原始出处:

孙延桃,韩雪昆,李金林,等.胫骨平台骨折术后深静脉血栓并上消化道动脉出血1例[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2019,34(06):665.

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    2019-11-21 fusion
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    2020-01-30 xue8602
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    2019-08-08 yb6561
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