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抗体阴性的艾滋病漏检是检验科的责任吗

2017-11-30 佚名 检验视界网

也许国内的艾滋病检测流程也需要尽快将HIV核酸检测纳入,这样的话抗体阴性的艾滋病就无处可逃了。

最近一例协和医院HIV抗体阴性艾滋病的病例报告在网上火了起来,众多网友在对协和医院佩服的同时,也对艾滋病的实验室诊断提出了质疑,主要矛头直指检验科,但说实在话这个锅真不应该检验科来背,为什么呢?且听我一一道来:

一、抗体阴性的艾滋病是什么原因造成的?

为了讲清楚为啥这个锅不应该检验科来背,我们首先要了解下为啥会出现抗体阴性的艾滋病。通常HIV感染后数周就会出现HIV抗体,在感染的初期体内是测不到抗体的,这段时间称为“窗口期”,“窗口期”的长短由于检测方法的不同而有差异,通常在数周到数月之间,目前国内在用的第四代试剂可以将窗口期控制在三周左右,而HIV病毒RNA检测则可以将窗口期缩短至十天左右。

而抗体阴性的艾滋病是指过了“窗口期”病人体内依然测不到抗体,出现这种情况的原因有以下两种:

1.艾滋病人早期接受了“鸡尾酒”疗法,病毒受到了抑制,没有足够的抗原刺激机体产生HIV抗体,曾有文献报告显示病人在接受“鸡尾酒”疗法后,体内测不到HIV抗体,但在治疗停止后,抗体又能检测到的病例;

2.病人免疫功能低下,在感染HIV之前就存在严重免疫缺陷,导致免疫系统不能对HIV产生正常的免疫反应,因此也不会有大量抗体产生。

二、国内的艾滋病检测程序

前面了解了为啥会出现抗体阴性的艾滋病,下面我们来了解下我们国内的艾滋病检测程序,简单来说国内的艾滋病检测程序分为两步:初筛试验和确认试验。相应的国内艾滋病检测实验室也可以分为初筛实验室和确认实验室两种。医院检验科一般均为初筛实验室,确认实验室一般在各省市的CDC。初筛阴性的标本由检验科直接发出HIV抗体阴性报告,初筛阳性及可疑的标本一律送确认实验室做确认试验,初筛实验室也就是各个医院的检验科是没有直接发阳性报告的权利的。

初筛试验国内目前已经采用第四代试剂可以同时检测HIV-1抗体、HIV-2抗体和p24抗原,大大缩减了“窗口期”,初筛试验要求要有较高的敏感性,宁可错杀一千,不能放过一个;确认试验国内采用的是蛋白印迹试验(Western Blot,WB),阳性的判定标准是:至少有2条env带(gp41和gp160/gp120)出现; 至少有1条env带和P24带同时出现,该方法测定的也是HIV抗体,相比较初筛试验,确认试验的特异性较高,对初筛出的可疑标本给出一个确定的结果。

初步了解了初筛试验和确认试验后,我们回头再来看下协和报道的这一例病例,由于该病人体内并无HIV抗体,因此确认试验不出所料地是阴性(确认试验是利用HIV抗原来测定病人血清中是否含有相应的抗体),而由于初筛试验目前采用的第四代试剂,除了检测抗体外,还加入p24抗原的检测,因此初筛试验反而是可疑阳性(病人体内虽然无HIV抗体,但却存在p24抗原)。看到这里我们就明白了,为啥这个病人的漏检责任不在检验科呢,因为按照目前国内的HIV检测流程,我们根本“抓”不到这个病人,即使检验科高度怀疑了这个病人,确认试验还是把他放了,因此这个锅不应该检验科来背。

三、如何避免抗体阴性的艾滋病漏检?

在谈如何避免抗体阴性的艾滋病漏检问题之前,我们可以借鉴一下美国的做法,毕竟他山之石可以攻玉,美国CDC于2014年更新的人类免疫缺陷病毒感染诊断的实验室检测指南,具体血清或血浆标本的检测策略见下图:


整个检测策略可以简单分为三步:

1. 初始检测和我们的一样:使用抗体和抗原联合检测的第四代免疫学方法,这类方法可以同时检测HIV-1抗体、HIV-2抗体和HIV-1 p24抗原,检测出HIV-1、HIV-2感染和急性HIV-1感染,初始检测无反应性无需进一步的检测;

2. 抗原抗体联合检测有反应性的标本,需要用FDA批准的抗体鉴别试剂进行HIV-1抗体和HIV-2抗体的鉴别试验,结果以HIV-1抗体阳性、HIV-2抗体阳性、HIV抗体阳性和抗体无法鉴别来解释;

3. 初始检测有反应性,抗体鉴别检测无反应性或不明确的标本需进行HIV-1核酸检测:HIV-1 NAT有反应性而抗体鉴别无反应性为急性HIV-1感染;HIV-1 NAT有反应性而抗体鉴别试验不明确的为HIV-1感染;HIV-1 NAT无反应性而抗体鉴别无反应性或不明确的为假阳性结果。

从上面的检测策略可以看出,美国CDC舍弃了免疫印迹确认试验这一步,加快了检测的进程。同时加入HIV-1抗体与HIV-2抗体鉴别和HIV RNA检测,1型抗体和2型抗体的鉴别对于指导临床治疗很有意义,而核酸检测可以进一步提高检测敏感性,缩短“窗口期”,对于抗体阴性的艾滋病同样有效。

目前在国内血站系统已经实现了HIV核酸检测全覆盖,也就是说HIV核酸检测在技术上已经不存在问题了,也许国内的艾滋病检测流程也需要尽快将HIV核酸检测纳入,这样的话抗体阴性的艾滋病就无处可逃了。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1332896, encodeId=a9231332896ee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a3362591d5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#检验科#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62591, encryptionId=4a3362591d5, topicName=检验科)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83epHkicC6GE1behbwHywld8qq5n70MWsL3lMUJYYzicic8Fh8tUgSDljeibIQrAeBicATBRXbcCRfFZGK6g/132, createdBy=1d8d2500080, createdName=ms5439512287675881, createdTime=Sat Dec 02 00:46:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265823, encodeId=315a26582341, content=学习学习.继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Dec 01 00:30:34 CST 2017, time=2017-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265607, encodeId=d68626560e45, content=谢谢分享. , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Thu Nov 30 09:52:06 CST 2017, time=2017-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265606, encodeId=1f2726560619, content=继续关注. , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Thu Nov 30 09:52:01 CST 2017, time=2017-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265605, encodeId=dfa2265605a4, content=继续学习. , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Thu Nov 30 09:51:56 CST 2017, time=2017-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-12-01 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    学习学习.继续关注

    0

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    2017-11-30 doctorJiangchao

    谢谢分享.

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1332896, encodeId=a9231332896ee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a3362591d5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#检验科#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62591, encryptionId=4a3362591d5, topicName=检验科)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83epHkicC6GE1behbwHywld8qq5n70MWsL3lMUJYYzicic8Fh8tUgSDljeibIQrAeBicATBRXbcCRfFZGK6g/132, createdBy=1d8d2500080, createdName=ms5439512287675881, createdTime=Sat Dec 02 00:46:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265823, encodeId=315a26582341, content=学习学习.继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Dec 01 00:30:34 CST 2017, time=2017-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265607, encodeId=d68626560e45, content=谢谢分享. , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Thu Nov 30 09:52:06 CST 2017, time=2017-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265606, encodeId=1f2726560619, content=继续关注. , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Thu Nov 30 09:52:01 CST 2017, time=2017-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265605, encodeId=dfa2265605a4, content=继续学习. , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Thu Nov 30 09:51:56 CST 2017, time=2017-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-30 doctorJiangchao

    继续关注.

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1332896, encodeId=a9231332896ee, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a3362591d5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#检验科#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62591, encryptionId=4a3362591d5, topicName=检验科)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83epHkicC6GE1behbwHywld8qq5n70MWsL3lMUJYYzicic8Fh8tUgSDljeibIQrAeBicATBRXbcCRfFZGK6g/132, createdBy=1d8d2500080, createdName=ms5439512287675881, createdTime=Sat Dec 02 00:46:00 CST 2017, time=2017-12-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265823, encodeId=315a26582341, content=学习学习.继续关注, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Dec 01 00:30:34 CST 2017, time=2017-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265607, encodeId=d68626560e45, content=谢谢分享. , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Thu Nov 30 09:52:06 CST 2017, time=2017-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265606, encodeId=1f2726560619, content=继续关注. , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Thu Nov 30 09:52:01 CST 2017, time=2017-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265605, encodeId=dfa2265605a4, content=继续学习. , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzfPkmqRTH5rHib5mcib8Wb3QdXjhfOK1UubQL2lictjJFdFJ6Lc3cnnCOSWqxXZ4Kk6y5GdzDoy764R/0, createdBy=156e1644785, createdName=doctorJiangchao, createdTime=Thu Nov 30 09:51:56 CST 2017, time=2017-11-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-11-30 doctorJiangchao

    继续学习.

    0

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