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多中心骨巨细胞瘤伴肝肺转移1例

2019-11-25 刘凡 杨勇志 张德宝 实用骨科杂志

多中心骨巨细胞瘤(MCGCT)指同一患者发生的多于一处、并被组织病理学证实的骨巨细胞瘤。骨巨细胞瘤多为单发病灶,作为其中一种类型,多中心骨巨细胞瘤极为罕见,其发病率不足骨巨细胞瘤患者的1%。目前关于多中心骨巨细胞瘤文献资料均以个案报道为主,缺少多中心大样本数据。笔者曾于2017年12月收治1例多中心骨巨细胞瘤合并肝肺转移患者,现将诊治过程报道如下。

多中心骨巨细胞瘤(MCGCT)指同一患者发生的多于一处、并被组织病理学证实的骨巨细胞瘤。骨巨细胞瘤多为单发病灶,作为其中一种类型,多中心骨巨细胞瘤极为罕见,其发病率不足骨巨细胞瘤患者的1%。目前关于多中心骨巨细胞瘤文献资料均以个案报道为主,缺少多中心大样本数据。笔者曾于2017年12月收治1例多中心骨巨细胞瘤合并肝肺转移患者,现将诊治过程报道如下。

一般资料

患者资料 29岁男性患者,因“左膝关节间断性疼痛6个月,加重15d”入院。患者6个月前无明显诱因开始出现左膝关节间断性疼痛,活动后加重,休息后可缓解,无夜间痛。近15d疼痛逐渐加重,于当地医院摄X线片,提示左侧胫骨近端类圆形低密度透光影(见图1),考虑左胫骨近端骨巨细胞瘤,遂转入我院。查体:跛行步态,左侧胫骨前方略肿胀,皮色正常,皮温略高,触之有乒乓球样感觉,压痛阳性。既往史:患者最初于2009年因骶尾部疼痛于当地医院行骨肿瘤刮除植骨术,并行放射治疗,术后病理证实为骨巨细胞瘤。2013年因左侧肱骨近端疼痛于当地医院行左侧肩关节置换术,术后病理证实为骨巨细胞瘤。2014年因左股骨近端骨巨细胞瘤于当地医院行全髋关节置换术。2016年因间断性腹痛于我院行腹膜后副神经节瘤根治术,术后病理回报为腹膜后副神经节瘤,局部侵及周围纤维脂肪组织,多处脉管可疑浸润,神经及淋巴结未见肿瘤浸润,提示有恶性生物学行为可能。期间曾行全身骨扫描检查,提示骶骨、右侧髂骨及双侧膝关节放射性增高伴骨质破坏,性质待定。同年因右侧胫骨近端骨巨细胞瘤行囊内刮除联合自体骨移植术。



入院检查 影像学资料:考虑患者既往骨巨细胞瘤及腹腔神经节瘤病史,除常规检查双侧膝关节正侧位X线片及双下肢全长位X线片外,提检肺部多排CT平扫、全腹CT平扫及PET-CT检查。左膝关节MRI提示左侧胫骨近端Campanacci影像学分级Ⅲ级(I期病灶边界清晰,四围有硬化带环绕,基本无骨皮质累及;Ⅱ期肿瘤有明显的边界,无骨硬化,皮质骨变薄与膨胀;Ⅲ期肿瘤边界不清,有皮质骨穿破、软组织侵袭,多有病理性骨折)(见图2~3)。PET-CT示:a)左侧肩关节、左侧髋关节置换术后改变,术区未见异常高代谢灶;骶尾骨术区高代谢灶,考虑肿瘤复发;余全身多发骨转移癌。b)双肺多发结节伴部分代谢增高,考虑肺转移癌;肝脏多发转移癌;腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移癌。

手术过程 完善相关检查,排除手术禁忌证,与患者及家属充分沟通后决定行扩大切除术联合定制型膝关节置换术,本例采用定制型肿瘤膝关节假体。全麻生效后取仰卧位,常规消毒铺单,取常规左膝前正中切口,手术过程严格按照无瘤原则要求操作,将肿瘤广泛切除,确保切除后骨组织与定制型膝关节假体紧密配合。切除的肿瘤组织送病理检查为胫骨近端侵袭性骨巨细胞瘤(见图4~5)。胫骨近端肿瘤切除和安装假体后,将髌韧带穿过胫骨假体固定环,翻转折叠缝合固定。然后分离腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣,旋转移位覆盖前方胫骨假体,并将肌瓣缝合于髌韧带上,对髌韧带进行加强固定,以重建稳定的伸膝装置。创口在无张力或张力不大的情况下关闭,术毕放置负压引流管,弹力绷带加压包扎。

术后处理及功能锻炼 患者已经历多次关节置换手术,术后给予抗生素治疗3d,防止感染。术后2d拔除引流管。嘱患者佩戴下肢固定支具4~6周,保持左膝关节伸直位,限制屈曲。术后第2天行股四头肌功能锻炼,给予止痛等对症治疗后拄双拐下地行走。患者术后4周逐步增大膝关节屈曲范围,并定期随访(见图6)。对肝肺转移病灶行局部放疗,未行化疗及其他药物治疗,未行局部切除。

讨论

骨巨细胞瘤(GCTB)是一种常见的原发性骨肿瘤,其组织来源来尚不清楚,一般认为起源于骨髓内的间叶组织。其发病率约占亚洲原发骨肿瘤的20%,美国原发骨肿瘤的4%~5%。骨巨细胞瘤多为单发病灶,多中心骨巨细胞瘤极为罕见,其发病率不足1%。发生机制尚不明确,目前主要包括临近传播、医源性肿瘤细胞种植、良性转移、恶性转化和新生病灶等几种观点。

流行病学特点 典型单发骨巨细胞瘤一般发生于骨骼已成熟的个体,较少发生在骨骺闭合之前,其起源部位几乎都位于骨骺并逐渐侵及干骺端,而多中心骨巨细胞瘤可侵犯干骺端至骨干区域。单发骨巨细胞瘤好发年龄为20~40岁,女性发病率较男性略高,多中心骨巨细胞瘤男女发病率比约为1︰2,并且发病年龄相对年轻,Hoch等研究报道59%低于20岁,文献报道最小发病年龄为11岁,平均年龄21岁。本文患者今年29岁,骶尾部首发时为22岁,与文献报道差距不大。

与单发性骨巨细胞瘤类似,主要累及长骨,尤其是膝关节周围股骨远端和胫骨近端约占全身全部GCT的50%,多中心骨巨细胞瘤累及手足短管状骨的发病率达到4%,并可侵犯股骨大转子。多中心骨巨细胞瘤通常具有2或3个病灶,文献报道最多为10个病灶。本病例共有7处病灶,分别为左侧肱骨近段、左侧股骨近端、左侧胫骨近端、骶骨、右侧髂骨、右侧股骨远端和右侧胫骨近端。Stacy认为其每个肿瘤病灶独立发展而非单个病灶的多处转移而来,主要表现为同时性和异时性两类,前者指两处肿瘤同时或间隔6个月内发现,超过6个月检出则属异时性。本病例属于异时性骨巨细胞瘤。

组织学及行为学特点 2013年世界卫生组织对骨肿瘤进行重新分类时,将GCTB分为普通GCTB和恶性GCTB。目前认为骨巨细胞瘤主要由三种细胞构成:单核基质细胞、多核巨细胞和单核细胞。单核基质细胞是其肿瘤细胞,多核巨细胞是其特征性细胞,其形成机制、表型和功能特性均与破骨细胞类似。普通GCTB具有良性肿瘤的组织细胞学特征,但却有恶性肿瘤的生物学行为,包括局部侵袭和远处转移。本比例病理检查为侵袭性骨巨细胞瘤,与前次病理回报一致。骨巨细胞瘤对骨质有很大的溶蚀破坏作用,可穿透骨皮质形成较大的软组织包块,但极少有反应性新骨形成及自愈倾向。1%~2%的骨巨细胞瘤患者组织学无恶变即可发生远处转移(主要是肺转移),而多中心骨巨细胞瘤的肺转移率可达2%~5%,可能与手术操作造成肿瘤细胞通过血管种植有关。因此其肺转移病灶恶性程度不及其他恶性肿瘤,大多为惰性且较稳定,即所谓良性转移。其他部位转移极其罕见,北京积水潭曾报道1例腹膜后转移病例。查阅相关文献未见于类似本例的双肺及肝脏转移患者,仅见1例与本文类似合并副神经节瘤患者。

诊断标准 骨巨细胞瘤的诊断依据临床、影像学和病理三结合的原则,依据单独一项标准不可诊断为骨巨细胞瘤。多中心骨巨细胞瘤临床、影像学及病理特点均与单发性骨巨细胞瘤无异。有学者认为多中心骨巨细胞瘤应当是排除性诊断,排除多发骨髓瘤、转移性肿瘤、原发血管瘤及甲状旁腺功能亢进棕色瘤等后方能成立,并且需获病理证实。

治疗方法 骨巨细胞瘤的治疗目标是彻底切除肿瘤,防止复发并保留关节的功能。手术是其首选方法,多中心骨巨细胞瘤具有较高的局部侵袭性和局部复发率,相应病理性骨折风险也有所增高,因此手术方式的选择至关重要,主要包括囊内刮除术、扩大切除术和截肢术等。单纯囊内刮除的骨巨细胞瘤患者局部复发率较高,文献报道复发率28.5%,低于单发骨巨细胞瘤的35%,但手足短管状骨受累的患者复发率有所增加。在辅助以灭活处理如高速磨钻等方法,或者使用扩大切除术后患者局部复发率可获明显降低,因此可认为骨巨细胞瘤复发率主要与手术操作有关。囊内刮除术后重建方案主要分为两类:一是充填性植骨,主要目的是促进瘤区生长,如颗粒性异体骨或人工骨;二是结构性支撑植骨,内固定或不用内固定,主要目的是增强瘤区稳定性,如骨水泥或游离腓骨支撑等,以恢复肢体功能。广泛切除术后复发率低于囊内刮除术,重建方法的选择主要有肿瘤假体置换及异体骨联合假体置换等。

术后的局部复发率与手术操作过程息息相关,刮除越仔细,其复发率会下降越显著。Enneking等在研究骨肿瘤手术分类时发现,Campanacci分级系统和Enneking分类系统均对预测良性肿瘤的局部侵袭性行为有一定价值,但对手术方法的选择及术后复发率的预测作用有限。胡永成等提出按照是否伴发病理性骨折、骨皮质是否被破坏、肿瘤体积测量、关节面破坏面积百分比、肿瘤与关节面的距离等5项评价指标,每项指标分2~3级不等,满分12分,称为HC骨巨细胞瘤评分系统。在9分以上者均采用假体置换术,6分以下者仅采用充填性植骨,6~8分者采用结构性支撑植骨,获得良好临床应用效果,可为临床医生术式的选择提供参考。

除此之外,仍有多种非手术治疗方案可供选择。与破骨细胞类似,单核基质细胞及多核巨细胞可表达核因子kB受体活化因子配体(RANKL)。。狄诺塞麦是一种人工合成的单克隆抗体,可与RANKL结合进而抑制其介导的骨质破坏,用于复发性或无法手术的骨巨细胞瘤等。有学者对无法手术的髂骨骨巨细胞瘤行选择性动脉栓塞,可明显缓解患者疼痛、抑制血管生成和缩小肿瘤体积,为进一步手术治疗奠定基础。虽然骨巨细胞瘤对放化疗不敏感,且放疗有使其恶化趋势,但在无法施行手术患者,局部放疗不失为一种有效的补充手段。

总之,多中心骨巨细胞瘤作为骨巨细胞瘤的一种特殊案例,非常罕见。其临床特点和影像学特点均与单发骨巨细胞瘤类似,且都需获得病理学证据。不同的是,其局部侵袭性、复发率和远处转移率相对较高,严重影响患者生活质量,给患者造成严重的心理负担,对临床医生术式的选择及操作带来严峻的挑战。需要特别注意的是,对较年轻的女性及骨骼未发育成熟的患者,一旦检出骨巨细胞瘤,应定期随访严密观察,仔细排除多中心骨巨细胞瘤的可能性。

原始出处:

刘凡,杨勇志,张德宝,谷贵山.多中心骨巨细胞瘤伴肝肺转移1例并文献复习[J].实用骨科杂志,2019,25(10):952-955.

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#插入话题
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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904002, encodeId=82f9190400214, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d454302945' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多中心#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43029, encryptionId=7d454302945, topicName=多中心)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Fri Aug 21 07:53:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1476041, encodeId=597714e6041d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2bcee797732' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77977, encryptionId=2bcee797732, topicName=细胞瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1483888, encodeId=24a9148388830, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0c59101649f2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨巨细胞瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101649, encryptionId=0c59101649f2, topicName=骨巨细胞瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=64917916239, createdName=12498ca5m85暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1502267, encodeId=ecd9150226e6e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=021d4821096' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#巨细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48210, encryptionId=021d4821096, topicName=巨细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=11759518880, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1555528, encodeId=6388155552865, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6d4f8232623' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肺转移#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82326, encryptionId=6d4f8232623, topicName=肺转移)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9b6914619384, createdName=licz0428, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=375840, encodeId=28023e584066, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bbc11488193, createdName=thm112988, createdTime=Tue Nov 26 06:42:50 CST 2019, time=2019-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904002, encodeId=82f9190400214, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d454302945' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多中心#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43029, encryptionId=7d454302945, topicName=多中心)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Fri Aug 21 07:53:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1476041, encodeId=597714e6041d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2bcee797732' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77977, encryptionId=2bcee797732, topicName=细胞瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1483888, encodeId=24a9148388830, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0c59101649f2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨巨细胞瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101649, encryptionId=0c59101649f2, topicName=骨巨细胞瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=64917916239, createdName=12498ca5m85暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1502267, encodeId=ecd9150226e6e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=021d4821096' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#巨细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48210, encryptionId=021d4821096, topicName=巨细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=11759518880, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1555528, encodeId=6388155552865, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6d4f8232623' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肺转移#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82326, encryptionId=6d4f8232623, topicName=肺转移)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9b6914619384, createdName=licz0428, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=375840, encodeId=28023e584066, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bbc11488193, createdName=thm112988, createdTime=Tue Nov 26 06:42:50 CST 2019, time=2019-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904002, encodeId=82f9190400214, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d454302945' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多中心#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43029, encryptionId=7d454302945, topicName=多中心)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Fri Aug 21 07:53:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1476041, encodeId=597714e6041d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2bcee797732' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77977, encryptionId=2bcee797732, topicName=细胞瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1483888, encodeId=24a9148388830, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0c59101649f2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨巨细胞瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101649, encryptionId=0c59101649f2, topicName=骨巨细胞瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=64917916239, createdName=12498ca5m85暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1502267, encodeId=ecd9150226e6e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=021d4821096' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#巨细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48210, encryptionId=021d4821096, topicName=巨细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=11759518880, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1555528, encodeId=6388155552865, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6d4f8232623' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肺转移#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82326, encryptionId=6d4f8232623, topicName=肺转移)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9b6914619384, createdName=licz0428, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=375840, encodeId=28023e584066, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bbc11488193, createdName=thm112988, createdTime=Tue Nov 26 06:42:50 CST 2019, time=2019-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-11-27 wwzzly
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904002, encodeId=82f9190400214, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d454302945' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多中心#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43029, encryptionId=7d454302945, topicName=多中心)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Fri Aug 21 07:53:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1476041, encodeId=597714e6041d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2bcee797732' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77977, encryptionId=2bcee797732, topicName=细胞瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1483888, encodeId=24a9148388830, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0c59101649f2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨巨细胞瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101649, encryptionId=0c59101649f2, topicName=骨巨细胞瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=64917916239, createdName=12498ca5m85暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1502267, encodeId=ecd9150226e6e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=021d4821096' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#巨细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48210, encryptionId=021d4821096, topicName=巨细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=11759518880, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1555528, encodeId=6388155552865, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6d4f8232623' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肺转移#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82326, encryptionId=6d4f8232623, topicName=肺转移)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9b6914619384, createdName=licz0428, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=375840, encodeId=28023e584066, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bbc11488193, createdName=thm112988, createdTime=Tue Nov 26 06:42:50 CST 2019, time=2019-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-11-27 licz0428
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1904002, encodeId=82f9190400214, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d454302945' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#多中心#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43029, encryptionId=7d454302945, topicName=多中心)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=02f5179, createdName=luoxiaog, createdTime=Fri Aug 21 07:53:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1476041, encodeId=597714e6041d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2bcee797732' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77977, encryptionId=2bcee797732, topicName=细胞瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1483888, encodeId=24a9148388830, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0c59101649f2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨巨细胞瘤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=101649, encryptionId=0c59101649f2, topicName=骨巨细胞瘤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=64917916239, createdName=12498ca5m85暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1502267, encodeId=ecd9150226e6e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=021d4821096' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#巨细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=48210, encryptionId=021d4821096, topicName=巨细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=11759518880, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1555528, encodeId=6388155552865, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6d4f8232623' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肺转移#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82326, encryptionId=6d4f8232623, topicName=肺转移)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9b6914619384, createdName=licz0428, createdTime=Wed Nov 27 04:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=375840, encodeId=28023e584066, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bbc11488193, createdName=thm112988, createdTime=Tue Nov 26 06:42:50 CST 2019, time=2019-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-11-26 thm112988

    0

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多中心临床试验可以在较短的时间内招募到足够的病例数,同时,来自多个中心的病例比来自单中心的病例有更好的代表性,从而使得结论的外推性更可靠。但时,由于各中心的试验条件未必完全相同,同一中心数据具有相似性,而不同中心则会存在异质性,这种现象称为“中心效应(center effect)”。中心效应往往不可避免,特别是当主要疗效评价指标出现中心效应时,如果统计处理不当,所得结论将会产生偏性。 对

J Hepatology:大型多中心回顾性研究:超声造影(CEUS)可鉴别肝硬化中的肝细胞癌

美国放射学会最近发布了一个方案(CEUS LI-RADS),对病灶的肝细胞癌(HCC)风险进行分类,这些病灶经超声造影(CEUS)检查评估。

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