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Sci Adv :首次发现:喝酒脸红的人更容易患再生障碍性贫血/智力低下/侏儒症综合征

2020-12-30 一线 iNature

研究发现显示rs671缺陷等位基因与乙醇脱氢酶5(ADH5)基因联合突变,导致先前未知的疾病AMeD(再生障碍性贫血,智力低下和侏儒症)综合征。

醛脱氢酶2(ALDH2)将乙醛解毒成乙酸盐,但由于功能性单核苷酸多态性rs671[ALDH2*2, c.1510G>A, p.E504K],该酶在东亚国家约50%的人口中被灭活。已知Rs671突变的人,饮酒后会引起“酒精潮红反应”。ALDH2使内源性醛解毒,后者是范可尼贫血途径修复的DNA损伤的主要来源。

2020年12月18日,日本名古屋大学Yasuyoshi Oka等人在Science Advances在线发表题为“Digenic mutations in ALDH2 and ADH5 impair formaldehyde clearance and cause a multisystem disorder, AMeD syndrome”的研究论文,该研究发现显示rs671缺陷等位基因与乙醇脱氢酶5(ADH5)基因联合突变,导致先前未知的疾病AMeD(再生障碍性贫血,智力低下和侏儒症)综合征。

细胞研究表明,甲醛耐受性的降低是造血干细胞分化和增殖能力丧失的基础。此外,Adh5-/-Aldh2E506K / E506K双重缺陷小鼠概括了AMeDS的关键临床特征,显示寿命短,侏儒症和造血功能衰竭。总体而言,该研究结果表明,由于醛基引起的DNA损伤超负荷,从而导致DNA修复过程饱和,醛基清除机制的综合缺陷会导致复杂的临床特征。

乙醛和甲醛等反应性醛具有细胞毒性和致癌性,因为它们会破坏DNA并干扰转录和复制。乙醛主要是通过摄入的酒精的氧化降解产生的,而甲醛是一种普通的一碳(1C)代谢产物,它是通过各种体内生物化学反应生成的,包括组蛋白和核酸的酶促去甲基化。这些游离醛被细胞脱氢酶迅速氧化为无害的羧酸。

醛脱氢酶2(ALDH2)将乙醛解毒成乙酸盐,但由于功能性单核苷酸多态性rs671[ALDH2*2, c.1510G>A, p.E504K],该酶在东亚国家约50%的人口中被灭活。已知Rs671突变的人,饮酒后会引起“酒精潮红反应”。显然,潮红不是一种疾病。但是,rs671缺陷(A)等位基因可以预防酒精中毒,并且还增加了各种临床状况的风险,包括血管疾病和某些类型的癌症。特别是,rs671缺陷等位基因个体经常饮酒时,以食道鳞状细胞癌为代表的胃肠道癌的发生率更高。

尽管有许多已知的遗传关联,但尚未报道由于rs671引起的遗传疾病。关于甲醛的清除,乙醇脱氢酶5(也称为甲醛脱氢酶或S-亚硝基谷胱甘肽还原酶,ADH5 / FDH / GSNOR)是以谷胱甘肽依赖性方式将甲醛转化为甲酸的主要酶。由于ADH5还是调节细胞一氧化氮信号传导,从而调节循环功能的关键酶,因此已知ADH5多态性与心血管疾病的风险增加有关。然而,迄今为止,尚未报道由于ADH5功能丧失而导致的先天性疾病。

当醛清除的代谢过程变得不可行,各种类型的内源性DNA损伤就会增加。醛主要产生DNA链间交联(ICL)和非酶DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)。这些DNA损伤阻止了复制叉的发展。因此,它们被认为可以通过以下复制偶联的DNA修复机制进行很大程度上修复:(i)ICL修复途径涉及“ FANC”蛋白,该蛋白在Fanconi贫血(FA)(一种罕见的遗传性骨髓衰竭综合征(IBMFS))中发生了突变,该途径(也称为FA途径)在S期被激活,并通过与结构特异性内切核酸酶解开共价桥连的Watson / Crick链,消除了ICL,随后进行了涉及跨病变合成(TLS),同源重组和核苷酸切除(NER)的修复过程;

(ii)DPC修复类似地由复制叉处的DNA聚合酶失速启动,其中金属蛋白酶(如SPRTN)在TLS之前将结合DNA的蛋白质降解为残留肽,并通过NER进一步切除剩余的病变。SPRTN基因的突变也会引起罕见的疾病,Ruijs-Aalfs综合征(RJALS),其特征是节段性早衰和早发性肝细胞癌。

在本研究中,报告了许多具有新形式的IBMFS案例的家庭。在对患者进行基因组分析的基础上,该研究确定了ALDH2和ADH5基因中引起疾病的双基因突变。细胞和动物研究表明,同时丧失ALDH2和ADH5活性会导致细胞甲醛敏感性和包括造血功能衰竭在内的多系统异常增加。该研究结果表明,甲醛清除与人和小鼠正常发育的DNA修复系统一样重要。

原始出处:

Yasuyoshi Oka, Motoharu Hamada , Yuka Nakazawa,et al.Digenic mutations in ALDH2 and ADH5 impair formaldehyde clearance and cause a multisystem disorder, AMeD syndrome. Sci Adv . 2020 Dec 18;6(51):eabd7197. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abd7197. Print 2020 Dec.

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    2021-01-01 ymljack
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    2020-12-30 rayms

    细胞研究表明,甲醛耐受性的降低是造血干细胞分化和增殖能力丧失的基础。

    0

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