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JAMA Dermat:痤疮抗生素耐药性研究、治疗指南及未来趋势

2017-06-22 zhangfan MedSci原创

痤疮抗生素耐药性研究及治疗指南

在痤疮丙酸杆菌的治疗方案中,抗生素占据着重要的基础组成。虽然皮肤科医生使用抗生素的比例较小,但抗生素耐药性是随着时间的推移的全球性的问题,皮肤科也比例外。最常见的用于治疗痤疮的外用抗生素为红霉素和克林霉素或口服四环素,其主要作用是抑菌而非杀菌且过度的抑菌治疗可能会导致痤疮丙酸杆菌耐药菌。

对近期治疗痤疮的抗生素耐药性总结如下:

抗生素治疗痤疮与痤疮丙酸杆菌的耐药密切相关,主要通过点突变造成的;超过一半的痤疮丙酸杆菌耐药是外用红霉素、克林霉素和四环素类药物;从上世纪70年代开始由于抗生素的耐药性,外用红霉素的临床疗效下降;抗痤疮丙酸杆菌是常见于非痤疮患者使用抗生素,痤疮丙酸杆菌耐药菌株会引起严重感染,特别是免疫低下者;停止治疗后,耐药性持续;痤疮丙酸杆菌耐药不清楚是否会发生交叉转移到其他细菌,但抗生素治疗痤疮会导致脱靶效应;局部使用抗生素与金黄色葡萄球菌耐药相关,耐药菌,尤其是耐甲氧西林,导致潜在的严重的医疗和社区感染,口服四环素类药物可抑制金黄色葡萄球菌但耐药风险增加;对超过100000例痤疮患者分析发现, 6周的抗生素治疗会显著提高1年内上呼吸道感染率(OR,2.15;95% CI,2.05-2.23;P<0.001);579例患者的研究发现,接受口服抗生素治疗痤疮患者其1年内咽炎发病率提高4倍 (OR,4.34;95% CI,1.51-12.47)。

目前治疗指南:

首先强化抗生素对于痤疮治疗管理;美国皮肤病学会推荐过氧化苯甲酰(BP)合用,氧化苯甲酰为外用杀菌剂且不会引起耐药,主要通过自由基治疗粉刺以及杀灭痤疮丙酸杆菌,与外用抗生素联用,BP可预防抗药性并提高治疗效果,但BP对口服抗生素耐药性的预防能力有限。

对于轻度至中度痤疮,首选药物为氧化苯甲酰,外用维甲酸,适当局部联用抗生素(BP +抗生素,BP + 维甲酸,BP + 抗生素+维甲酸),不推荐抗生素单药治疗。患者若受益于抗生素治疗,可用固定抗生素+BP配方组合以简化方案提高病人的依从性。

对于中度至重度痤疮的一线治疗是口服抗生素+BP+外用维甲酸,不推荐抗生素单药治疗。也可采用外用抗生素方案并联用BP。一线口服抗生素强力霉素和米诺环素,发挥抗炎和抗菌作用。因为相关的耐药性,应该避免红霉素全身应用,除非患者不能耐受四环素治疗(例如孕妇以及8岁以下儿童),也可考虑复方磺胺甲恶唑。治疗时限为3到4个月,全身抗生素治疗后停药后,应采用BP和外用维甲酸继续维持治疗,若患者必须长期口服抗生素,应密切观察限制使用并尽可能缩短使用时间。

欧洲痤疮治疗的循证指南7也反对局部或全身抗生素单药治疗,建议全身抗生素的限制持续时间为3个月。但与美国皮肤病学会指南存在一定偏差:欧洲痤疮治疗的循证指南建议对于轻中度痤疮,建议使用固定剂量的抗生素+维甲酸,未推荐 BP。对于中重度痤疮,可口服抗生素联合外用维甲酸,固定剂量的外用维甲酸+BP或壬二酸。对口服抗生素和BP联合方案的推荐强度较低。

需要进一步研究的局限性:

痤疮抗生素耐药性的数据范围和质量有限,需要更多的研究来解决证据不足的问题;通过使用BP和固定剂量的外用制剂减少耐药性的研究需要量化的敏感性试验和基因组研究,以更为全面地阐明联合治疗的益处;BP联合全身性抗生素治疗对耐药性的效果及影响因素尚不明确;亚剂量抗生素使用或可以抑制药物耐药,但对其研究仍知之甚少,值得进一步探究。

原始出处:

Brandon L et al. Antibiotic Resistance in Acne Treatment. JAMA Dermatol. June 21 2017.

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    2022-11-02 zongguoyong

    谢谢了,已学习

    0

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    2017-06-22 狼毒花1982

    学习了感谢分享

    0

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