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基础科研:再一次成功!同一团队已将猪肾移植到第二例“人类受试者”体内

2021-12-20 生物探索 网络

今年10月20日,美国纽约大学朗格尼医学中心对外宣布,该中心外科团队成功将一个具有供体特异性胸腺组织的基因敲除猪肾脏移植到人类脑死亡受试者的的腹股沟

本文转载自“中国生物技术网”微信公众号。

 

今年10月20日,美国纽约大学朗格尼医学中心对外宣布,该中心外科团队成功将一个具有供体特异性胸腺组织的基因敲除猪肾脏移植到人类脑死亡受试者的的腹股沟。据报道,猪肾立即发挥了作用,在几分钟内就产生了大量尿液,这是肾脏的一个关键功能此外,受试者血液中的肌酐水平正常,这是肾脏功能良好的另一个标志。实验在54小时后终止,在此期间,肾脏未表现出与排斥反应有关的宏观特性。这表明,该突破性试验是成功的。同时,也引发了人们对异种移植巨大潜力的关注。
 
就在第一次突破性手术不到两个月后,当地时间12月13日,纽约大学朗格尼健康中心使用基因工程猪肾脏又进行了第二次实验性异种移植手术。这一次手术标志着潜在替代性器官应用领域的又一次进展。
 
领导第二次手术的依然是纽约大学罗斯曼医学院外科系主任和格尼健康中心移植研究所所长Robert Montgomery教授。他将一个缺少α-gal基因的猪肾移植到LiveOnNY提供的一个最近去世靠呼吸机维持的人类供体中。
 
Robert Montgomery
 
LiveOnNY是纽约地区一个负责器官捐赠的非营利性组织,该组织协助确定了一位慷慨的全身器官捐献者,以帮助推进这项具有里程碑意义的研究。Montgomery教授说:“我们完全复制了第一次手术的过程,证明这些基因工程器官可以成为世界上许多等待拯救生命群体的可再生器官来源。在我们开始进行活体人体试验之前,还有许多工作要做,但我们的初步成功给了我们希望。
 
这次手术是一项正在进行研究的一部分,该研究于2021年11月22日在纽约大学朗格尼研究实验室开展。猪肾脏来自美国联合治疗公司的子公司Revivicor设计的“GalSafe”猪。“GalSafe”猪通过基因工程敲除掉猪细胞表面的α-gal聚糖基因,该基因会导致人体对猪器官产生快速的排斥反应。猪的胸腺负责“教育”免疫系统,在移植前已与肾脏融合。
 
在54小时的研究期间,猪肾脏被连接到大腿、腹部外的血管上,并用保护罩覆盖以进行观察和肾组织取样。尿液的产生和肌酐水平是正常的,这些关键指标与人类肾移植中的指标相当。在整个手术过程和随后的观察期间,没有出现排斥反应的迹象。
Montgomery说:“我们又一次在单基因敲除异种移植方面取得进展,通过进一步的研究和复制,这可能是每年拯救成千上万人生命的途径。”
 
然而,近日,哈佛医学院移植科学中心的David K.C. Cooper教授在《Xenotransplantation》上发表了对这项实验的一些观点。
 
他认为由于该实验提供的资料非常有限,但以下几点值得注意:
 
1、在非人类灵长类动物中进行的大量体内研究预测,猪的肾脏会立即发挥作用;
2、大量体外研究预测,基因工程猪肾在移植到人体受试者体内后的最初几天内不会被排斥;
3、基因工程猪肾并非临床移植的最佳选择,而三基因敲除(TKO)猪肾的移植可能更有意义;
4、在没有移植前预处理和数月随访的情况下移植“胸腺细胞”是没有意义的;
5、由于保留了天然肾脏,因此很难确定移植物的功能是否足以维持生命;
6、该实验是向媒体公布的,而不是发表在同行评议的医学杂志上(尽管希望随后会公布),这表明该实验主要是为了引起人们对异种移植巨大潜力的关注。在这方面,实验是成功的。
 
由于脑死亡受试者维持代谢和血液动力学稳态的时间非常有限,因此对此类受试者的实验价值仍然非常有限。他希望将来的任何类似实验都能更符合临床情况。但该实验激发了公众对异种移植的关注,因此会对异种移植领域的未来有显著益处。

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Am J Transplant:艾滋病患者适合作为肾脏捐献供体么?

最新修改的联邦法规已经允许艾滋病毒阳性个体为活肾捐献者;然而,鉴于与艾滋病毒感染相关的终末期肾病(ESRD)的风险增加,潜在的捐赠候选人知之甚少。

Am J Transplant:预测肾脏移植结果的关键数据

根据一项山间医疗中心的最新研究,如果医生使用他们可以获得的所有数据去预测肾移植病人移植失败的可能性,那么这些病人存活的几率更将高。尽管国家数据库包含大量肾移植的数据,但是目前为止仍然缺少可以准确预测病人移植物失效或者病人死亡时间的模型,因为这些模型都没有考虑病人肾移植后的费用数据。 这项最新发表在《American Journal of Transplantation》上的研究强调医

KIDNEY INT:蛋白尿和肾脏移植后慢性肾脏病阶段预测移植结局!

肾移植接受者eGFR降低或蛋白尿较严重与死亡和移植物损失的风险增加相关。因此,eGFR和蛋白尿可以被用来识别、评估和管理临床预后不良风险较高的移植接受者。

英国贝尔法斯特医疗首例:外科医生利用 3D 打印模型完成复杂肾脏移植手术

英国兰贝尔法斯特市医院的外科医生利用 3D 打印的肾脏复制品完全切除肾囊肿,促进了关键的移植手术,同时改善了器官捐赠者的生活。手术本身是爱尔兰第一个不需要翻修的手术。

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