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古滕贝格健康研究:中、高龄人群的躯体症状负荷及相关因素调查

2019-04-19 不详 网络

该研究的目的是:(1)确定一般人群中男性和女性躯体症状的患病率;(2)确定心理社会因素和躯体疾病对躯体症状的影响作用。根据PHQ-12(患者健康调查问卷),共有7925名40至80岁的调查对象接受了医学心理评估。


文献解读 

[Beutel ME, Wiltink J, Ghaemi Kerahrodi J, Tibubos AN, Brähler E, Schulz A, Wild P, Münzel T, Lackner K, König J, Pfeiffer N, Michal M, Henning M. Somatic symptom load in men and women from middle to high age in the Gutenberg Health Study - association with psychosocial and somatic factors. Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 14; 9(1):4610.]

 

古滕贝格健康研究:

中、高龄人群的躯体症状负荷及相关因素调查

(德国美因茨约翰内斯古滕贝格大学)

 

摘要:

该研究的目的是:(1)确定一般人群中男性和女性躯体症状的患病率;(2)确定心理社会因素和躯体疾病对躯体症状的影响作用。根据PHQ-12(患者健康调查问卷),共有7974名40至80岁的调查对象接受了医学心理评估。排除混淆因素后的问卷结果发现疼痛主诉(手臂,腿,关节,背部疼痛)影响了大多数男性和女性,且躯体症状表现为随着年龄增长而增加。心理社会因素(缺乏社会支持,不良生活事件,孤独,抑郁,全身焦虑,恐慌,社交恐惧症)是躯体症状的最强预测因素,而抑郁对女性躯体症状的作用影响低于男性。本研究强调了复杂的社会心理和躯体因素对躯体症状的影响。

 

研究背景:

躯体症状早已成为德国人的健康负担,较高的躯体症状会导致患者健康与生活质量下降、增加心理压力和医疗负担[1-3]。躯体症状不但是在初级保健患者[4]中,而且在一般人群中患病率也很高[3]。基于 PHQ-15的德国研究均报道了较高的躯体化障碍患病率[(14-92岁,9.3%)和(18-80岁,11.7%)][5, 6]。

躯体症状负担与年龄较高,受教育程度较低,社会和经济地位较低,失业[1, 5-7]以及分居、离婚或丧偶等关系中断的社会人口学因素有关[1, 8]。另外,躯体症状存在性别差异。在非患者和医疗人群中,女性通常比男性更频繁地主诉慢性及强烈的躯体化症状[9, 10]。性别差异的原因复杂,可能的原因在于,女性的常见精神疾病(如抑郁和焦虑)患病率更高,以及比男性承认和沟通痛苦的意愿更高。也有可能与使用的问卷相关。在Zijlema等人对40个躯体症状问卷的系统评价中[11]推荐了PHQ-15作为心理测量和国际可用的方法。而使用PHQ-15的研究,没有考虑到女性会因为多填写一项月经主诉,而造成比男性总分数更高的偏差结果。另外,PHQ-9是抑郁症严重程度的可靠和有效的衡量标准,与PHQ-15同时使用时,两个量表之间存在重叠项目,即“感觉疲倦或精力不足”和“睡眠困难”,会混淆研究结果的准确性。因此,为了避免上述混杂因素,本研究使用了PHQ的12项版本,省去了:感觉疲倦或精力不足,睡眠困难以及关于月经主诉三个项目。

本研究纳入了大样本中、老年的一般人群(40~80岁),旨在调查人群中躯体症状的患病率及其相关的社会心理、躯体因素。

研究对象及方法:

古滕贝格健康研究(Gutenberg Health Study, GHS)[12]是一项在德国莱茵河地区开展的,基于一般人群的大样本的前瞻性观察性单中心队列研究,研究纳入了15010名35~74岁的调查对象。 本研究数据来自GHS前10000名参与者五年后复查的随访数据(n=7949,参与率为81%)。

研究收集的资料包括4类:社会人口学因素(性别、年龄、社会经济状况、失业状态、伴侣关系),心血管风险因素(高血压、肥胖、吸烟、FH心梗/卒中、酗酒),精神痛苦(社会支持、近12个月的生活事件、PHQ-9、GAD-2、惊恐、社交恐惧症、孤独感),躯体疾病(糖尿病、CVD、COPD、癌症)。

躯体症状评估使用量表如下: PHQ-12用于评估躯体症状;PHQ-9评估抑郁症状;广泛性焦虑症GAD-2量表评估焦虑;PHQ简短版惊恐模块用于筛选惊恐;单项 “我经常一个人/几乎没有联系人”评分用于评估孤独感;促进健康身体活动简版问卷(SQUASH)评估身体活动情况。


研究结果:

图1  男性和女性PHQ-12中、重度躯体症状患者主诉情况:a,男性;b,女性

结果显示,人群中最常见的症状是手臂、腿和关节疼痛,影响67%的女性和60%的男性;其次是背痛,影响65%的女性和58%的男性;随后依次为依次为头痛、恶心、便秘/腹泻、气短、头晕和心跳加速或剧烈。除性交相关疼痛或问题外,所有的症状均是女性多于男性。

将纳入人群根据PHQ-12(无,轻度,中度,重度)的不同症状负荷程度分为4组:无,轻度,中度到重度躯体症状,各组的调查对象分别占到总群体的35%,25%,18%和22%。结果显示除吸烟、酗酒之外,其它纳入的因素在4中的分布均存在统计学差异。 除去SES、伴侣关系及社会支持随着躯体症状负荷增加而比例降低外,其余的因素均升高。

随后研究中采用了4个多元线性回归模型,模型1纳入社会人口学因素(性别、年龄、社会经济状况、失业状态、伴侣关系),模型2纳入了模型1与心血管风险因素(高血压、肥胖、吸烟、FH心梗/卒中、酗酒),模型3纳入了模型2与精神痛苦(社会支持、近12个月的生活事件、PHQ-9、GAD-2、惊恐、社交恐惧症、孤独感),模型4纳入了模型3与合并疾病(糖尿病、CVD、COPD、癌症)。结果发现,在逐步纳入变量后,仅失业状态、高血压、吸烟、酗酒、糖尿病与躯体症状不存在相关性。

研究又以PHQ12 ≥10为结局进行了多元逻辑回归,结果发现,性别(女性)、年龄、社会经济状况、伴侣关系、失业状态、心梗/卒中、PHQ-9、GAD-2、惊恐、孤独感、社会支持、CVD、COPD均为风险因素。但在考虑了性别的交互作用后,发现仅PHQ-9≥10分与PHQ12 ≥10尚存在相关性。此结果提示,抑郁对女性躯体症状的影响低于男性。

研究启示:

在一般人群中(40~80岁),性别(女性)、年龄、社会经济状况、伴侣关系、失业状态、心梗/卒中、PHQ-9、GAD2、惊恐、孤独感、社会支持、CVD、COPD均为PHQ12 增高的风险因素。但是在考虑了性别的交互作用后发现,抑郁对女性的躯体症状影响低于男性。

研究优势与局限性:

优势:该研究样本量大,包含了比较大的评估范围,并在每个年龄组中都有男女分层。 为了减少混淆,首创删除了月经主诉和两个重叠项目。

局限性:无法评估躯体症状与健康关注和焦虑的影响,这两项是在本研究开始后作为躯体症状障碍诊断的一部分纳入DSM-V的。研究也没有纳入医疗保健的利用情况。另外,该研究为横断面研究,无法确定各项社会、生理、心理因素与躯体症状的因果关系。

 

参考文献

1. Creed, F.H., et al., The epidemiology of multiple somatic symptoms. J Psychosom Res, 2012. 72(4): p. 311-7.

2. Gierk, B., et al., The somatic symptom scale-8 (SSS-8): a brief measure of somatic symptom burden. JAMA Intern Med, 2014. 174(3): p. 399-407.

3. Kliem, S., et al., Brief assessment of subjective health complaints: Development, validation and population norms of a brief form of the Giessen Subjective Complaints List (GBB-8). J Psychosom Res, 2017. 95: p. 33-43.

4. Lowe, B., et al., Depression, anxiety and somatization in primary care: syndrome overlap and functional impairment. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 2008. 30(3): p. 191-9.

5. Kocalevent, R.D., A. Hinz, and E. Brahler, Standardization of a screening instrument (PHQ-15) for somatization syndromes in the general population. BMC Psychiatry, 2013. 13: p. 91.

6. Hinz, A., et al., Frequency of somatic symptoms in the general population: Normative values for the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15). J Psychosom Res, 2017. 96: p. 27-31.

7. Gureje, O., et al., Somatization in cross-cultural perspective: a World Health Organization study in primary care. Am J Psychiatry, 1997. 154(7): p. 989-95.

8. Wittchen, H.U., et al., [Affective, somatoform and anxiety disorders in Germany--initial results of an additional federal survey of "psychiatric disorders"]. Gesundheitswesen, 1999. 61 Spec No: p. S216-22.

9. Barsky, A.J., H.M. Peekna, and J.F. Borus, Somatic symptom reporting in women and men. J Gen Intern Med, 2001. 16(4): p. 266-75.

10. Jacobi, F., et al., Twelve-month prevalence, comorbidity and correlates of mental disorders in Germany: the Mental Health Module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1-MH). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res, 2014. 23(3): p. 304-19.

11. Zijlema, W.L., et al., How to assess common somatic symptoms in large-scale studies: a systematic review of questionnaires. J Psychosom Res, 2013. 74(6): p. 459-68.

12. Wild, P.S., et al., [The Gutenberg Health Study]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz, 2012. 55(6-7): p. 824-9.


 

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