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Nature:肠道菌引酒精诱发致命肝病“魔高一尺”,噬菌体疗法“道高一丈”!

2019-11-16 佚名 中国生物技术网

北京时间11月14日,发表在《Nature》上的一项新研究中,来自美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校(UCSD)医学院的研究人员首次将噬菌体疗法应用于小鼠,成功治疗其酒精性肝病。噬菌体是一种专门破坏细菌的病毒。在20世纪初,研究人员曾尝试用噬菌体作为一种治疗细菌感染的潜在方法。但后来由于抗生素的出现,噬菌体不再受关注。如今,随着抗生素耐药性的不断增加,噬菌体疗法又重出江湖。研究通讯作者、医学和胃肠病学教授、

北京时间11月14日,发表在《Nature》上的一项新研究中,来自美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校(UCSD)医学院的研究人员首次将噬菌体疗法应用于小鼠,成功治疗其酒精性肝病。

噬菌体是一种专门破坏细菌的病毒。在20世纪初,研究人员曾尝试用噬菌体作为一种治疗细菌感染的潜在方法。但后来由于抗生素的出现,噬菌体不再受关注。如今,随着抗生素耐药性的不断增加,噬菌体疗法又重出江湖。

研究通讯作者、医学和肠病学教授、创新噬菌体应用与治疗中心主任Bernd Schnabl说:“我们不仅将特定的细菌毒素与酒精性肝病患者的临床结果恶化联系在一起,而且还找到一种方法,通过用精准靶向特定肠道细菌的噬菌体来打破这种联系。”

酒精性肝炎是一种严重威胁生命的肝病,有高达75%的患者在确诊后90天内死亡。这种情况最常使用皮质类固醇治疗,但效果不佳。早期肝移植是唯一的治疗方法,但只能在仅提供给有限数量患者的特定医疗机构。

酒精本身会直接损害肝细胞,但Schnabl团队之前发现酒精对肝脏有害还有第二个原因,即它会减少天然的肠道抗生素,使小鼠肝脏更容易滋生细菌,并加剧酒精引起的肝脏疾病。

在这项新研究中,Schnabl的团队提出了两个主要问题:肠道细菌如何导致肝损伤,以及噬菌体能否减少细菌以缓解酒精性肝病。

在该研究中,研究人员发现,肝细胞会受到粪肠球菌分泌的一种毒素——溶细胞素的伤害。粪肠球菌是一种在健康人肠道中不常见的细菌,而在酒精性肝病患者的粪便样本中,其含量是非饮酒者的2700倍。粪肠球菌的存在与酒精性肝炎患者的肝病严重程度和死亡率相关。在酒精性肝病患者中,超过5%的粪便细菌是粪肠球菌,而在非饮酒者或酒精使用障碍患者中几乎没有这种细菌。大约80%的酒精性肝炎患者的粪便中含有粪肠球菌,30%患者的溶细胞素呈阳性。



图片来源:Nature

此外,研究人员发现,近90%的酒精性肝炎溶细胞素呈阳性患者在入院后180天内死亡,相比之下,约4%呈阴性的患者死亡。

Schnabl说:“基于这一发现,我们认为在酒精性肝炎患者的粪便中检测到的溶细胞素基因可能是肝脏疾病严重程度和死亡风险很好的生物标志物。也许有一天,我们可以根据患者的溶细胞素状况,为其量身定制治疗方案。”

接下来,研究团队将溶细胞素呈阳性和阴性的酒精性肝炎患者的粪便转移到小鼠体内。具有溶细胞素阳性人源化肠道微生物组的小鼠发展为更严重的酒精性肝病,并且存活率低于没有溶细胞素的小鼠。

为了研究噬菌体治疗的潜力,研究人员从污水中分离出四种不同的噬菌体,以专门针对产生溶细胞素的粪肠球菌。当他们用靶向细菌的噬菌体对小鼠进行治疗时,细菌被根除,酒精引起的肝病也被消除。靶向其他细菌或非溶细胞性粪肠球菌的噬菌体没有效果。



图片来源:Nature

Schnabl说:“到目前为止,这种噬菌体疗法只在小鼠中进行了试验,还需要进行临床试验来测试这种方法的安全性,并验证我们在酒精性肝炎患者中的这项新发现。”

过去几年,UCSD医学院一直走在噬菌体治疗发展的前沿。2016年3月,精神病学教授Tom Patterson博士成为美国第一位成功通过静脉内噬菌体疗法治疗多药耐药细菌感染的知名人士,并获得美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)的紧急批准。

从那以后,加州大学圣地亚哥分校的另外7名患者接受了噬菌体治疗。在所有病例中,噬菌体治疗都被认为是实验性的,需要FDA的紧急批准。为了进一步推进这项工作,2018年6月,该校医学院成立了北美第一个创新噬菌体应用与治疗中心。

原始出处:
Yi Duan, Cristina Llorente, et al. Bacteriophage targeting of gut bacterium attenuates alcoholic liver disease. Nature. Nov 2019.

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    2020-02-29 liye789132251
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    2019-11-17 飛歌

    学习了很有用不錯

    0

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    2019-11-17 yjs木玉

    好好好好好好

    0

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