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研究生(包括博士)选题与开题报告撰写

2014-03-03 张铁峰 科学网博客

新入学和刚开始从事研究的研究生(开题报告)首先要进行选题,选题是开始研究前必须完成的工作。一般导师会根据自己的专业背景和项目需求给学生划定一个范围,就是研究的大概范围(叫研究领域也可)。(这个画圈的工作可不得了,不是小平同志在深圳画了一个圈,深圳也不会从一个小渔村变成一个超级大都市。对于论文来说,画圈的质量决定了你将来少走多少冤枉路)这个圈有的导师画得大有的小,这完全取决于导师对问题的理解,一

新入学和刚开始从事研究的研究生(开题报告)首先要进行选题,选题是开始研究前必须完成的工作。一般导师会根据自己的专业背景和项目需求给学生划定一个范围,就是研究的大概范围(叫研究领域也可)。(这个画圈的工作可不得了,不是小平同志在深圳画了一个圈,深圳也不会从一个小渔村变成一个超级大都市。对于论文来说,画圈的质量决定了你将来少走多少冤枉路)这个圈有的导师画得大有的小,这完全取决于导师对问题的理解,一般来说导师如有较为深入的理解,那么圈会画小一点,你的研究工作也会容易入手些,如果能做到指那打那,这导师已经相当厉害了。对大多数导师来说,学术地位和成果都没有站在国际学术前沿,因此达不到精准的程度,不过指个大概的方向和范围还是没问题的,这为你开始课题还是能省不少事。如果导师连画圈的工作也没有做,那你只好自导了。自导就是自己连画圈的工作也做了,课题自己选(一个捷径是去国际权威[IF大于3.0]杂志看看REVIEW,那里一般都有关于方法或领域问题的相关评述,选一个自己能下手的好了,建议不要找中文文献,减少“死定”的概率)。

拟定题目的要求有三点:

第一、题目不要太长(20字以内):以最少的工程术语表达计划是关于什么的。
第二、题目要清晰:避免使用主动动词,数值,标点
第三、与关键词链接:题目应包含一个以上所列关键词
 
有了选题,查阅资料和文献阅读的工作就开始了,从以下几个方面着手:

(1)背景和意义---为什么做?

描述问题的来由和相关背景,给出值得去做的理由

论文针对什么问题?(目前你的研究领域存在哪些问题?在你拟研究的分支内,有哪些需要解决的问题?需要解决的往往是瓶颈)

为什么这个问题是有意义的?

主要两方面的意义:
1、科学理论意义包括新模型、方法,。。。或更好的结果 \改进 \扩展\新方法有益于其他研究
2、社会意义,可以提及背景
 
(2)研究现状---是什么?

针对该问题,别人做了哪些工作?(查文献得知,综述类看大概,科技文献要看具体)

开题报告写这些内容一方面可以论证本课题研究的地位和价值,另一方面也说明课题研究人员对本课题研究是否有较好的把握。我们进行任何科学研究,必须对该问题的研究现状有清醒的了解。

开始简要叙述下自己要研究的问题是个什么问题?有哪些人和哪些机构在研究?他们是怎么做的?做到什么程度? 解决了哪些问题?解决到什么程度?还有哪些没有解决或没有解决好?(如方法的准确度提高,经济效益改善等,看文献的结论得知贡献,影响一个问题有多方面的因素,这些文献往往只涉及一部分,哪些部分没有考虑到就是你可能需要或可以做的工作),总之表达研究达到什么水平、存在什么不足以及正在向什么方向发展等。自然引出自己要研究的课题在领域中的地位并显示其重要性。当然所有这些都要有相应的文献资料支撑(在文中标引文献,作为该语句的来源,也是我们研究的依据和基础)

(1)(2)部分常称为文献综述,为研究的依据,需要花费3个月左右的时间大量阅读文献资料总结而成,为工作开展奠定基础。

(3)研究内容---做什么?

针对某一个或几个问题做哪些工作?(模型考虑因素不全或忽略重要因素,方法精度不够,实现目标的道路上哪些是瓶颈,选一个自己感兴趣的) 问题太难、太大对于课题的完成都有影响,所以拿到课题一定要学会分解,一个大问题总是可以分解成几个方面的问题或更小的问题加以解决。根据自己的研究时间和基础,选择那些预期能够完成的问题作为工作开展对象加以研究。一般要由易到难做三个方面(或3个问题,3年课题)的研究,既要体现创新,又要有一定工作量。(如果定了具体的论文题目,由于原来画的圈大,分解后有必要反馈对题目进行修正;或者未定具体题目的话,现在根据研究内容拟定一个合适的)

要求:清楚地列出你在课题中要做什么、不要太宽、不要太窄、将这些目标和你在文献综述中确认的问题连接

(4)研究目标、路线或方案---做到什么程度?怎么做?使人们相信你这样做能达到你的目标

最终达到到什么目标(至少)?(包括尝试某种方法,提高精度,速度,节约空间,并给出将改善目标到什么程度,有时只是证明他行不通)

根据研究内容和目标,制定方案或路线?逐条给出研究步骤,涉及技术。最好以框图或流程的形式给出,这样比较直观。

目的是告诉人们你如何实现你提出的目标
让人们相信用方法能实现提出的目标
所用方法可是一组方法或一套步骤
最好给出你的详细步骤和设计
在你的研究中考虑不同的情形
考虑如何验证所得结果

(5)预期成果和创新点--- 研究达成目标的表现形式和程度

预期成果:

给出课题成果并将它们和目标、方法链接
如:框架、模型、方法、算法、系统原型、工具、结果、产品、理论

在***方面,提出或改进*****方法,发表***级别的文章**篇;

在***方面,申请专利****,

在***方面,开发一套软件,登记软件著作权


创新点(不同于他人工作或贡献的地方,有时与成果重叠。有没有和好不好,也有比喻你是在做修路还是搭桥的工作):

提出****,解决***问题

开发****,解决***问题

设计****,解决****问题

改进****,解决****问题


工硕论文针对的往往是生产实际的具体问题,相关的理论如何解决实际应用。如何立足于现有项目背景,解决某地区、某类、甚至某种具体问题,使现有的普遍适用的理论或模型用于解决这种具体问题,此时,理论或模型可能考虑因素不全或没考虑到,通过分析探讨给出解决方案和示例。

(6)研究计划

分阶段细化工作,制定阶段工作目标。

把自己的研究期按工作粒度分段安排,每个阶段都有明确的任务和目标。

计划定了就要落实,否则再好也没用。只有在实际中落实,这样才能及时发现问题,适时加以修正。


**年*月至**年**月 完成*****设计

**年*月至**年**月 完成*****模块开发

**年*月至**年**月 完成*****算例测试和验证


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    2017-11-23 暂20a6e63m

    马上就要开题了

    0

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    2016-11-25 向往医者

    下周开题,希望能通过

    0

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    2015-01-13 zczcz6655

    很好的一篇文章

    0

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    2014-03-10 faustine

    不错不错,今年开题,希望一切顺利~

    0

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    2014-03-07 zglkygwd

    真牛,写得好

    0

  9. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=263721, encodeId=05ee263e2190, content=马上就要开题了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/11/20/02e70d8a81756be978c1ac6ecae73990.jpg, createdBy=a0592196997, createdName=暂20a6e63m, createdTime=Thu Nov 23 20:56:08 CST 2017, time=2017-11-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=157991, encodeId=9eae15e9917c, content=下周开题,希望能通过, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160510/IMG5730BA14AAE726251.jpg, createdBy=677e1722643, createdName=向往医者, createdTime=Fri Nov 25 01:21:58 CST 2016, time=2016-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1641146, encodeId=d47616411468d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=053d948049e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#选题#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=94804, encryptionId=053d948049e, topicName=选题)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=723122754863, createdName=12498bd5m23暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Jun 08 19:53:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=14157, encodeId=6ca01415e24, content=很好的一篇文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/27/fbd784adc68b967ee1f6d8d7192692c0.jpg, createdBy=771884322, createdName=zczcz6655, createdTime=Tue Jan 13 18:18:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1900221, encodeId=d8e21900221ca, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a0cfe3416be' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究生#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73416, encryptionId=a0cfe3416be, topicName=研究生)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0cd7162, createdName=nakerunner, createdTime=Mon Jun 23 16:53:00 CST 2014, time=2014-06-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2040837, encodeId=d070204083e81, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9df349e034e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#开题报告#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49703, encryptionId=9df349e034e, topicName=开题报告)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=66ec123, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Tue Jan 27 11:53:00 CST 2015, time=2015-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=8249, encodeId=b3e18249d3, content=不错不错,今年开题,希望一切顺利~, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=174, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b4977922, createdName=faustine, createdTime=Mon Mar 10 08:17:00 CST 2014, time=2014-03-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=8180, encodeId=24ba81801f, content=真牛,写得好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=134, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/08/20/b501d505e09d31a054a96f3efa57adeb.jpg, createdBy=880497247, createdName=zglkygwd, createdTime=Fri Mar 07 15:31:00 CST 2014, time=2014-03-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=8034, encodeId=805480344c, content=你们要开题报道,我正开始准备, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=168, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://api.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150602/IMG556D2C119C3EC8067.jpg, createdBy=e2ea89702, createdName=gongzuozhong, createdTime=Mon Mar 03 17:25:00 CST 2014, time=2014-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-03-03 gongzuozhong

    你们要开题报道,我正开始准备

    0

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Meta分析选题注意事项

Meta分析的选题是一个很重要的问题。选题不当,容易导致研究缺乏价值、研究困难或无法完成。其注意事项如下:1. 重要性 只有具有比较重要的临床意义的问题才适合作meta分析。Meta分析并不是一件很简单的事情,写一篇高质量的至少也要两个月以上的时间。如果分析的问题无关紧要,则得不偿失,也难以发表。 2. 争议性   一般而言,具有争议性的问题最适合做meta

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