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Brain:脸盲症竟与大脑损伤有关,可能为自闭症治疗提供线索

2019-11-24 王昭月 生物探索

脸盲症(Face blindness),又称“面孔失认症(prosopagnosia)”,患者要么是看不清别人的脸,要么是对别人的脸失去辨认能力,甚至是亲密朋友和家人的脸也不例外。尽管有些人可以用衣服、发型或其他特征来辨识,但也经常会出错。脸盲在儿童早期很明显,除此之外,人们脑部受伤也有可能患脸盲症。

脸盲症(Face blindness),又称“面孔失认症(prosopagnosia)”,患者要么是看不清别人的脸,要么是对别人的脸失去辨认能力,甚至是亲密朋友和家人的脸也不例外。尽管有些人可以用衣服、发型或其他特征来辨识,但也经常会出错。脸盲在儿童早期很明显,除此之外,人们脑部受伤也有可能患脸盲症。

波士顿儿童医院的研究者们在《Brain》发表了相关研究,指出脸盲症涉及整个大脑网络,各个组件之间的通信一旦发生故障,则会导致系统瘫痪。该研究的第一作者Alexander Cohen提到,这一发现也适用于其他面部辨识能力差的人,尤其是自闭症患者。

面孔失认症是自闭症最容易检测且最普遍的症状之一,数据表明,自闭症患者的面部辨识能力越差,他们的社交就越差。问题是,究竟是脸盲导致自闭症,还是自闭症造成脸盲呢?这也正是观察中风患者面部辨识的重要原因。他们在大脑中有特定的损伤,所以有更多的因果关系。

研究者通过对44个因中风而脸盲的患者进行静息状态下的功能连通性分析,利用病变网络映射技术(lesion network mapping)识别与每个脑损伤位置功能性连接的区域网络。



造成面孔失认症的病变部位各不相同

发现其中29个脑损伤与右侧梭形面部区域(fusiform face area,FFA)相交,这是已知的与脸盲相关的脑损伤区域。其余15个脑损伤与FFA不相交。然而,所有44个脑损伤都位于与右侧FFA相连的区域,这意味着当FFA被激活时,这些区域通常被激活,当FFA安静时,这些区域也变得安静。

为了解释这一现象,研究者利用脑部核磁共振成像数据,绘制了一张大规模的脑网络地图,显示了不同脑区之间的关系。以此来确定哪些神经网络在发展成脸盲的中风患者中持续受到伤害。



与面孔失认症相关的病变区域网络图

此外,结果显示所有44个病变部位都与左侧额叶皮质的四个区域呈负相关,它关注视觉刺激的特定特征。所以Cohen大胆推测,人脸识别涉及两个不同的大脑网络。

Cohen补充道,也许在脸盲情况下,你使用了太多的细节信息,而不是把脸作为一个整体来看待,这种完全不平衡的现象在孤独症中确实存在。或者,也许你需要两种信息来识别一张脸。

未来,研究者将尝试通过经颅磁刺激或基于MRI的神经反馈等新疗法来治疗脸盲。如果奏效,则有望将这一方法推广到自闭症的许多其他症状。

原始出处:
Alexander L Cohen, Louis Soussand, Sherryse L Corrow, et al.  Looking beyond the face area: lesion network mapping of prosopagnosia. Brain. 19 November 2019.

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“脸盲症”是什么?

脸盲症是一种不可治愈的神经性紊乱疾病,患有此病的人经常不能识别出家人、朋友,甚至镜中自己的影像。

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