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盐酸阿比朵尔或可对新型冠状病毒肺炎有效

2020-01-22 MedSci MedSci

刚刚据一些病毒实验室研究结果发现,此次新型冠状病毒,盐酸阿比朵尔能成功阻断,研究在犬类细胞(豺)中进行,但尚未进行人体试验,也没有证实在人体中有效。而且冠状病毒变异较快,需要更多的结果来证实。 传统治疗流感的药物有金刚烷胺和金刚乙胺。金刚烷胺类为三环癸烷衍生物,主要通过阻止病毒的吸附、脱壳及其核酸的释放而产生抗病毒作用。但该类药只对 A 型流感病毒有效,对 B 型无效,且流感病毒对上

刚刚据一些病毒实验室研究结果发现,此次新型冠状病毒,盐酸阿比朵尔(也称阿比多尔)能成功阻断,研究在犬类细胞(豺)中进行,但尚未进行人体试验,也没有证实在人体中有效。而且冠状病毒变异较快,需要更多的结果来证实。

传统治疗流感的药物有金刚烷胺和金刚乙胺。金刚烷胺类为三环癸烷衍生物,主要通过阻止病毒的吸附、脱壳及其核酸的释放而产生抗病毒作用。但该类药只对 A 型流感病毒有效,对 B 型无效,且流感病毒对上述两种药物均易产生耐药性,并有明显的不良反应,长期服用可引起视网膜炎、体位性低血压等,个别病人出现充血性心力衰竭、尿潴留、视力丧失等,限制了该类药物的使用。

第二代药物对 A 型和 B 型流感病毒均有效,代表药物为磷酸奥司他韦,是强效的选择性的流感病毒神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase inhibitor,NI)抑制剂的药物前体,其活性代谢产物是强效的选择性的流感病毒神经氨酸酶抑制剂,通过抑制流感病毒神经氨酸酶而改变病毒感染在细胞内的聚集和释放。

盐酸阿比朵尔(AH)的化学名称为6 -溴-4- (二甲胺基甲基) - 5-羟基-1-甲基-2- (苯硫甲基) -1H-吲哚-3-羧酸乙酯盐酸盐,其中盐酸被用作阿比朵尔的稳定剂,分子式为C22H25BrN2O3S•HCl,分子量为531.90,主要用于甲、乙型流感和其它呼吸道病毒感染症的防治,具有口服方便,安全性高,依从性好。

名称也叫阿比多尔,有部分厂家有相关药物,该药物也已进入武汉。如石药,吴中医药均生产。



不过,此次是冠状病毒,并非甲型和乙型流感病毒。

以往研究认为,盐酸阿比多尔(A H)对甲型和乙型流感病毒均有抑制作用。病毒复制时,2,5-低聚腺苷酸合成酶被封阻,AH以原形进入细胞核,在渗入细胞核时改变了细胞膜的通透性,AH 通过激活2,5-低聚腺苷酸合成酶,使2,5 -低聚腺苷酸的合成增加,从而使细胞代谢受到干扰,产生抑制病毒复制的作用。在细胞内生理条件下,AH可阻碍病毒类脂胞质鞘与细胞膜融合,抑制病毒遗传物质的释放。同时,AH对巨噬细胞吞噬功能有显著的激活作用,能提高机体对病毒的抵抗力。通过流感病毒的自然株和突变株 MDCK 细胞传代实验、病毒斑点测量、pH诱导融合、溶血试验、核苷酸序列测定等系列研究表明,阿比朵尔属于 H A 抑制剂,在病毒复制过程中,阿比朵尔能提高0. 2个单位的pH值来稳定血凝素(AH),从而抑制与宿主细胞的融合。盐酸阿比朵尔对流感病毒感染细胞的治疗作用也可能是通过免疫调节作用实现的。研究发现,在缺失 HLA-DR 的阳性表达和没有主要免疫球蛋白的情况下,它可以使细胞的多种免疫调节指标和吞噬细胞功能 正常化,通过CD3、CD4 和 CD 16 阳性表达,导致了这种免疫活力。阿比朵尔对小鼠具有明显的体内诱生干扰素作用,对正常和免疫低下小鼠的非特异性免疫功能、体液和细胞免疫功能都具有增强作用。

2017年发表在《美国科学院院刊》上论文也证实它对流感的病毒的抑制作用,并从结构生物学角度进行解释。
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让流感病人每次服用盐酸阿比朵尔 200mg,每日3 次,连用5 d后,从该病人身上分离流感病毒,在 MDCK上培养,用 ELASA方法测定细胞活性,其 半数抑制浓度为7.0~12.5μg/mL,与刚从实验室分离出来的半数抑制浓度相近,从而显示盐酸阿比朵尔连用5d 后没产生耐药性。盐酸阿比朵尔不同剂量对大 鼠的致畸作用和胚胎毒性研究结果显示,高剂量(1000mg/kg/d)表现出对母鼠和胎鼠的毒性作用,但无致畸作用,330/kg/d 为大鼠的安全剂量。同时,阿比朵尔对大鼠的长期毒性结果显示,大鼠口服阿比朵尔4 周,1200 mg/kg对大鼠生长产生可逆性抑制作用。灌给药给予盐酸阿比朵尔(10、50和250 mg/kg)对小鼠大体行为、翻正反射等的影响;灌给药给予盐酸阿比朵尔(10、30和90 mg、kg)对家兔体温变化的影响;灌胃给药给予盐酸阿比朵尔(20和80 mg/kg)对麻醉犬的呼吸频率和幅度、收缩压和舒张压、T波、s T 段和PR间期的影响,结果表明小鼠灌胃给药酸阿比朵尔(250 mg/kg)有协同戊巴比妥钠睡眠诱导作用外,其余指标均无明显影响,对中枢神经系统、心血管系统和呼吸系统均无影响。

但是,流感病毒与新冠状病毒差异较大,这种潜在的药物是否有效,仍然需要科学研究来证实

有关阿比朵尔

【适应症】防治流感和其它急性病毒性呼吸道感染。
【规格】胶囊:0.1g。
【用法用量】口服。成人一次2粒(0.2g),一日3次,服用5日。
【不良反应】不良事件发生率较低,约为6.2%,主要表现为恶心、腹泻、头昏和血清转氨酶增高。
【禁忌】对本品及其成分等过敏者禁用。
【孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药】用于妊娠期和哺乳期妇女的疗效与安全性尚不明确。
儿童用药】在国外可用于2岁以上儿童的流感治疗,国内尚不明确。
【老年患者用药】65岁以上老年人用药的安全有效性尚不明确。

【参考资料】
[1] 王俊菊等. 抗流感药物盐酸阿比朵尔的研究进展. 中国兽药杂志.2011, 45(4) : 52~55.
[2] 李军,黄茂 主编.感染病临床处方手册.南京:江苏科学技术出版社.2004.第29-43页
[3] 盐酸阿比朵尔胶囊说明书.

[4] Kramarev SA, Moshchich AP.[The treatment of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections]. Lik Sprava. 2013 Mar;(2):99-106. 
[5]Kadam RUWilson IAStructural basis of influenza virus fusion inhibition by the antiviral drug Arbidol.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (IF: 9.58) 2017 Jan 10;114(2):206-214. 

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    2020-02-04 lovetcm

    李兰娟院士今天证实有效

    0

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    2020-01-24 lovetcm

    又叫阿比多尔,目前已纳入武汉肺炎的治疗中了

    0

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