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Proc Biol Sci:人类嗅觉信息可以引导视觉注意

2013-09-03 佚名 心理所

气味萦绕在人的周围,提供了环境中各种物体的化学组成的独特信息。对于人类而言,嗅觉长久以来被认为是一种“如果有,也仅仅具有非常微弱功能”的退化感官。然而,中科院心理研究所心理健康重点实验室周雯研究组的研究结果挑战了这一观点。 本研究采用两种在“注意”领域被大家广泛接受的实验范式——点探测任务和视觉搜索任务——发现嗅觉信息可以反射性地引导视觉注意,使其投向与气味相一致的物

气味萦绕在人的周围,提供了环境中各种物体的化学组成的独特信息。对于人类而言,嗅觉长久以来被认为是一种“如果有,也仅仅具有非常微弱功能”的退化感官。然而,中科院心理研究所心理健康重点实验室周雯研究组的研究结果挑战了这一观点。

本研究采用两种在“注意”领域被大家广泛接受的实验范式——点探测任务和视觉搜索任务——发现嗅觉信息可以反射性地引导视觉注意,使其投向与气味相一致的物体上,进而有助于对该物体的搜索。这一效应与观察者的主观控制无关,甚至可以抵消自上而下产生的注意偏向。

共188名北京高校学生参与了这一研究,男女各半。参与者的嗅觉及视力(或矫正视力)均正常,没有感冒、鼻炎或呼吸道过敏等症状,没有吸烟史,在参加实验期间不使用香水或其它带有气味的化妆品。

在“点探测任务”的每个试次中,参与者首先看到同时呈现在中央注视点左右两侧的玫瑰和柠檬图片,随后在刚才出现玫瑰或者柠檬图片的位置上会闪现一个光栅,此时要求观察者按键判断光栅的朝向。在这一过程中,即便被告知两幅图片与光栅朝向任务并无关系,当闻到玫瑰或者柠檬的气味时,参与者仍然会更准确地判断与气味相一致的图片那侧出现的光栅的朝向,也即对该侧产生了注意偏向。研究表明,仅仅诱发气味相关概念并不足以产生这种注意效应。此外,通过引入视觉表征任务,研究进一步排除了气味通过引发视觉表征从而导致注意偏向的可能性。后继实验通过改变玫瑰或者柠檬图片对于光栅出现位置的预测性(如:光栅有75%的可能性出现在玫瑰图片出现的位置上),诱使观察者产生自上而下的注意偏向。结果显示,在这种情况下,气味可以降低弱侧的注意偏向劣势或者增加强侧的注意偏向优势,其效果取决于气味与图片的一致性。上述研究结果表明,气味可以将视觉注意引向通常具有该气味的物体上。

为了进一步探究该效应的发生机制,研究又引入了“视觉搜索任务”。基于特征整合理论,物体的某一突出特征会使其在众多干扰物中脱颖而出,表现为人们完成搜索任务时对该物体有更高的搜索效率(反应时更短或者正确率更高)。在该研究的视觉搜索任务中,参与者需要在保证较高正确率的前提下,尽快按键确认同时呈现的一系列物体中是否存在香蕉。实验结果显示,相对于玫瑰气味而言,伴随任务呈现的香蕉气味有助于参与者在更短的时间内做出正确反应。与点探测任务相类似,研究表明,仅仅诱发气味相关概念并不足以产生上述注意效应。

本研究采用两个成熟的实验范式,通过一系列精细实验,系统地揭示出物体的气味可以作为其特征之一,增加该物体的知觉显著性,从而吸引视觉注意的焦点。研究结果支持多通道显著性地图的存在,该地图对客体的知觉显著性的计算会同时权衡视觉与嗅觉输入。

本研究受到国家重点基础研究发展计划(2011CB711000)、国家自然科学基金(31070906)、中科院“百人计划”项目(KSCX2-EW-BR-4、KSCX2-YW-R-250)、中科院战略重点研究项目(XDB02010003)以及中科院心理健康重点实验室经费的资助。

该研究成果已在线发表于《英国皇家学会学报》B刊《生物科学》(Proceedings of the Royal Society B)。

原文阅读:

Chen K, Zhou B, Chen S, He S, Zhou W. Olfaction spontaneously highlights visual saliency map. Proc Biol Sci. 2013 Aug 14;280(1768):20131729. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1729. 

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    2013-10-16 sunylz
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    2014-06-02 linlin2312
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    2013-09-05 sunylz

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