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美国危重病医学学会 2014 :PPIs预防应激性溃疡不良反应风险高于组胺H2受体拮抗剂

2014-02-26 佚名 医学论坛网

比较质子泵抑制剂(PPIs)与组胺H2受体拮抗剂预防危重患者应激性溃疡的不良反应风险。为预防危重患者应激性溃疡方案提供更多临床证据。 重症患者因应激反应而易出现胃肠道溃疡出血,因此医生常会对其使用PPI或组胺H2受体拮抗剂进行预防性治疗。但这些药物的使用往往引发不良反应。 针对这种情况,美国密苏里州圣路易斯慈善医院Bunaye教授等人进行了一项研究来,以评价PP

比较质子泵抑制剂(PPIs)与组胺H2受体拮抗剂预防危重患者应激性溃疡的不良反应风险。为预防危重患者应激性溃疡方案提供更多临床证据。

重症患者因应激反应而易出现胃肠道溃疡出血,因此医生常会对其使用PPI或组胺H2受体拮抗剂进行预防性治疗。但这些药物的使用往往引发不良反应。

针对这种情况,美国密苏里州圣路易斯慈善医院Bunaye教授等人进行了一项研究来,以评价PPIs与组胺H2受体拮抗剂预防危重患者应激性溃疡的不良反应风险。

研究结果公布于2014年1月的美国危重病医学学会第43次急救护理会议上。研究发现,PPIs用于预防性治疗危重患者应激性溃疡的不良反应风险显著高于组胺H2受体拮抗剂。


研究人员对2009年7月-2013年2月在外科重症监护室住院患者的病情记录进行了统计。有14280名患者接受应激性溃疡的预防性治疗,并排除其中5718名不符合试验条件的患者。这些患者入院前已使用过抑酸药物,而在ICU内没有接受预防应激性溃疡的治疗,或同时使用PPI和组胺H2受体拮抗剂治疗。

预防性治疗的适应症包括十二指肠溃疡、胃溃疡、幽门螺杆菌感染、糜烂性食管炎、胃食管返流病,以及使用呼吸机辅助呼吸。不良反应包括胃肠道出血、艰难梭菌感染、医院获得性肺炎和30天死亡率。

研究共纳入8562名患者,3681名(43%)患者接受PPI治疗,4881名患者(57%)接受组胺H2受体拮抗剂治疗。PPI治疗组预防应激性溃疡的有效率为32.3%,而组胺H2受体拮抗剂治疗组的有效率为37%,两组差异有统计学意义。

不良反应方面,PPI治疗组胃肠道出血占4.70%, 组胺H2受体拮抗剂组为1.10%,两者有统计学差异。PPI治疗组中30天死亡率为6.00%,而组胺H2受体拮抗剂治疗组的为3.70%,两者有统计学意义。两组艰难梭菌感染和医院获得性肺炎的发病率无统计学差异。

结果表明,使用PPI预防性治疗应激性溃疡,其不良反应风险高于组胺H2受体拮抗剂。PPI治疗组的高死亡率应引起我们的注意。同时也需强调,在更改当前PPI预防应激性溃疡的治疗方案之前,仍需更多临床试验证据。

研究背景:

目前在美国,外对于预防危险重患者应激性溃疡已达成共识,即应激性溃疡的预防应限于高危人群,且药物预防不应作为常规治疗,并需考虑其不良反应和费用问题。

美国急诊科医生首选抑酸剂预防应激性溃疡,其中组胺H2受体拮抗剂占63.9%,PPI占19.0%.最近研究表明,组胺H2受体拮抗剂不仅能抑制胃酸和胃蛋白酶的分泌,而且还具有改善胃粘膜微循环、促进细胞再生、从而尽快修复溃疡的作用。

2007年的一项系统评价报道,预防性使用组胺H2受体拮抗剂能降低ICU患者应激性溃疡的发生率,而且安全性好,但不能降低临床大出血的发生率。以往曾有报道,药物治疗应激性溃疡应首选PPI,而且治疗费用最低。

但PPI用于ICU患者治疗时有两个缺点:①PPI在胃内酸性环境下失活。②PPI经吸收后必须在活化的壁细胞分泌小管酸性环境中才能转化为活性形式,而大多数ICU患者予以禁食,因此壁细胞多处于静息状态,PPI的抑酸能力降低。

另外,奥美拉唑可损伤中性粒细胞的催化性和噬菌功能而使其杀菌功能降低,所以ICU患者应用奥美拉唑有可能加重感染。

近年有关PPI与组胺H2受体拮抗剂在预防危重患者应激性溃疡的研究方兴未艾,得出的结论却莫衷一是。2012年发表的一项Meta分析表明,在降低危重病人胃十二指肠应激性粘膜出血方面,PPI比组胺H2受体阻滞剂更有效,在降低死亡率方面,二者疗效相当。

相反,一项针对组胺H2受体拮抗剂与PPI预防ICU患者应激性溃疡出血和肺炎发生率的Meta分析提示,组胺H2受体拮抗剂对应激性溃疡出血有更好的防作用,但两组间医源性肺炎发生率及病死率无统计学差异。

2014年,Bunaye等发现,PPI预防应激性溃疡风险高于组胺H2受体拮抗剂,且PPI组的30天死亡率明显高于组胺H2受体拮抗剂治疗组。

总结上述分析,我们应谨慎对待相关研究结果,确切的结论尚需大样本、多中心的随机对照研究证实。

目前对于消化性溃疡的治疗已不满足于使用单一抑酸药,通常是多种抗酸剂和粘膜保护剂组成复方药物,以取长补短。如PPI与组胺H2受体拮抗剂合用,治疗效果更佳。PPI联合组胺H2受体拮抗剂预防危重患者应激性溃疡的效果研究尚少,这或许也是一个新的研究方向。

原始链接

PPI Riskier Than H2 for Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis

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