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药物性肝病的病理学改变

2011-06-03 纪元 中国医学论坛报

  药物性肝病的病理表现复杂多样。尽管某些药物引起的损伤具有一定的病理学特征,但通常并不能依据组织学变化来确定起因的药物。组织学表现只可能提示是否为药物性肝损伤及用于判定损伤的严重程度,与药物应用剂量、用药持续时间与活检间隔时间及合并其他用药有关。因此,肝活检往往对临床检查异常的肝病患者的诊断和鉴别诊断,特别是除外药物性肝病方面具有积极意义。本文简要介绍临床药物性肝病常见的病理学表现。   肝炎

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  药物性肝病的病理表现复杂多样。尽管某些药物引起的损伤具有一定的病理学特征,但通常并不能依据组织学变化来确定起因的药物。组织学表现只可能提示是否为药物性肝损伤及用于判定损伤的严重程度,与药物应用剂量、用药持续时间与活检间隔时间及合并其他用药有关。因此,肝活检往往对临床检查异常的肝病患者的诊断和鉴别诊断,特别是除外药物性肝病方面具有积极意义。本文简要介绍临床药物性肝病常见的病理学表现。

  肝炎样改变

  急性肝炎样损伤

  急性肝炎样损伤病变广泛,以肝细胞坏死伴某种程度的小叶内或汇管区炎症为特征。轻者存在散在的嗜酸性小体和肝细胞坏死灶,伴轻度炎细胞浸润,为非特异的反应性肝炎组织学表现;重者可见肝细胞气球样变和灶性坏死,炎细胞浸润呈散在性,有时可见单核细胞沿肝窦浸润,犹如传染性单核细胞增多症样表现,常无或甚轻微的毛细胆管内胆汁淤积。

  急性药物性肝炎在病理学表现方面有时很难与急性病毒性肝炎相鉴别,其鉴别依赖于流行病史、用药史、症状体征表现和实验室检查结果。

  很多药物可引起急性肝炎样肝损伤表现,其中以异烟肼、甲基多巴、氟烷、磺胺和苯妥英钠更为常见。

  慢性药物性肝炎

  药物引起慢性肝炎的组织学表现多与慢性活动性肝炎相似,以汇管区或汇管区周围单核细胞浸润伴与汇管区接壤的肝细胞不规则破坏性炎症(碎屑样坏死)为特征。

  小叶内可存在灶性或融合性坏死,汇管区周围可有纤维化进展,并且可以发展为纤维间隔甚或肝硬化。

  融合坏死

  融合坏死类型存在严重的肝细胞破坏,肝细胞呈广泛多灶性坏死,肝细胞凋亡伴网状支架塌陷。

  融合坏死可由急性肝炎发展而来,或与某种其他炎症经过相关。融合坏死可呈独特的带状分布,有时伴有桥接坏死。如发展为整个小叶,则形成亚大块或大块坏死,坏死部位肝细胞消失,网状支架塌陷,枯否细胞增生和其他单核细胞聚集,汇管区炎症可轻微,常有嗜酸性细胞出现。

  在重症患者中,可见胆小管增生伴汇管区周围多形核细胞浸润,残存的肝细胞可存在脂肪变性,可伴有毛细胆管性胆汁淤积和肝细胞再生。在某些病例中,坏死区域的肝细胞与正常肝细胞可有明显的不同。

  小叶中央性带状坏死常见于药物过敏或中毒性肝损伤两种情况(图1)。多小叶融合性坏死可发展为亚大块坏死,坏死中心区病变最重,很多常引起急性肝炎和小叶中央性带状坏死的药物常可导致这种病变。

  胆汁淤积

  药物性胆汁淤积主要可分为胆汁淤积伴或不伴肝组织损伤。

  单纯性胆汁淤积

  单纯性胆汁淤积以毛细胆管胆汁淤积为主要形态学表现。毛细胆管内胆栓常见于小叶中央区,可伴轻度肝细胞损伤,常有多核肝细胞出现。小叶或汇管区炎症缺如或甚轻微,无肝细胞坏死。

  胆汁淤积性肝炎

  胆汁淤积性肝炎具有胆汁淤积和肝炎两者的特征,是药物性肝损伤最具代表的一种类型,是以小叶中央为倾向的毛细胆管胆汁淤积,伴不同程度的肝细胞损伤和炎细胞浸润,常有多核肝细胞出现(图2)。肝细胞损伤可为气球样变,有散在嗜酸性小体、灶性坏死和汇管区或小叶内轻中度单核细胞浸润。

  汇管区炎症病灶可无明显嗜酸细胞浸润,特别是在外周血嗜酸细胞增多情况下更为明显。小胆管增生和汇管区水肿常可引起胆道闭塞。在重症患者中,可见类似急性肝炎的肝细胞损伤。

  慢性胆汁淤积

  慢性胆汁淤积基本病变是汇管区周围肝细胞肿大,汇管区有浸润性炎症或不规则小胆管增生,伴各种轻度毛细胆管淤胆。浸润细胞可以包括泡沫样巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞以及中性粒细胞。

  肿大的肝细胞特殊染色可能含铜,可有马洛里(Mallory)小体,汇管区或汇管周围纤维化常见,重症患者可有桥接坏死和肝硬化表现。

  慢性胆汁淤积的 胆管减少类似原发性胆汁性肝硬化,但多数患者预后良好,停药后临床症状和生化检查结果可逐渐改善。

  肝细胞脂肪变

  根据脂肪滴大小,通常将药物性肝细胞脂肪变的病理表现分为巨泡型和微泡型两类。

  巨泡型表现为单个大脂质球充满肝细胞质,细胞核被挤到边缘,该型较多由酒精引起,也可因激素及胃肠外全营养和四氯化碳等引起。

  微泡型表现为肝细胞内充满多数微小脂肪滴,但核仍居中,常伴轻度毛细胆管性胆汁淤积,罕有肝实质细胞坏死和炎症。

  有些病例可表现为巨泡型和微泡型脂滴混合型,肝细胞常肿大,炎细胞浸润甚或有纤维化或发展至肝硬化,可见Mallory小体。

  肉芽肿、纤维化/肝硬化

  肉芽肿

  药物引起的肉芽肿常为非干酪性肉芽肿,因巨噬细胞聚集而使肉芽肿边界明显,类似结节病样。肉芽肿多出现在汇管区也可见于小叶内,往往伴嗜酸性细胞浸润,后者有一定诊断价值。淋巴细胞和浆细胞也可见于一些较典型的病例。肉芽肿可能为唯一组织学变化,也可伴有脂肪变性的非特异性反应。

  纤维化/肝硬化

  肝纤维化是药物性肝损伤可能的共同病变,如汇管区周围纤维化在慢性药物性肝炎和慢性药物性胆汁淤积中均可发生,并可进展为纤维化和肝硬化。

  某些药物引起的小叶中央型纤维化可导致肝静脉闭塞性疾病,可继发于严重的融合性坏死。中央静脉周围性、肝细胞周围性及汇管区周围性分布的各种程度纤维化也可见于酒精和药物性的脂肪性肝炎。

  单纯由药物性肝损伤而进展来的肝硬化则很少见。

  血管病变、肝肿瘤及其他

  血管病变

  自门静脉或肝动脉至肝静脉的肝内血管系病变也可由很多药物的应用所引起。其中最典型的是肝静脉闭塞症,组织学检查可见终末门静脉支或肝静脉存在纤维性闭塞,病变可表现为急性或慢性。

  肝紫癜以大小不等充满血液的实质性腔为特征,可在肝内散在分布。

  肝肿瘤

  肝细胞癌可由造影剂诱发,此外,雄激素与口服避孕药也可能与此相关,但均尚有争议。

  多数其他药物与肝肿瘤的关系目前仍很难确定。

  其他相关病变

  肝细胞的毛玻璃样改变 一些药物的长期应用可以导致肝细胞浆出现细小颗粒,整体呈细网状,即肝细胞毛玻璃样改变,这种变化可以见于乙肝病毒表面抗原阳性携带者中。不过药物性肝病一般出现在肝小叶中央区带,细胞膜增厚和地依红染色阳性等可用于鉴别。

  色素沉着 细胞内脂褐素通常随细胞的老化而逐渐增加。长期应用非那西丁和氯丙嗪等药物可使肝细胞脂褐素沉着增加。在长期接触有剂溶剂的职业病患者中,肝细胞内可见脂褐素过度沉积。

  (作者:复旦大学附属中山医院病理科 纪元 )

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    2016-09-18 和小尚

    又涨知识了

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    2016-09-18 乐奕11

    厉害

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    2016-09-14 ann y

    肝脏好可怜

    0

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    2011-06-05 jktdtl
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=130051, encodeId=aea213005175, content=又涨知识了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211117/387a4182763545a58378e286a299e476/72b5b5407ea8404f91c4efa21ac6a9ac.jpg, createdBy=9a001731038, createdName=和小尚, createdTime=Sun Sep 18 10:25:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=129912, encodeId=5baf12991217, content=厉害, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151110/IMG5641A6F12C0732294.jpg, createdBy=2f901662448, createdName=乐奕11, createdTime=Sun Sep 18 08:09:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=126937, encodeId=c34112693ea3, content=肝脏好可怜, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Wed Sep 14 21:04:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1473424, encodeId=863614e342443, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4fd1e102257' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#病理学#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71022, encryptionId=4fd1e102257, topicName=病理学)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c8ce7226273, createdName=jktdtl, createdTime=Sun Jun 05 00:23:00 CST 2011, time=2011-06-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1540048, encodeId=4b4a1540048b1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=52f28e736c9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87736, encryptionId=52f28e736c9, topicName=药物性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=55e413178317, createdName=yangfl10, createdTime=Sun Jun 05 00:23:00 CST 2011, time=2011-06-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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