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典型病例:脊髓髓内畸胎瘤合并先天性脊柱发育畸形-脊柱侧弯一例

2022-03-24 “神经时讯”公众号 “神经时讯”公众号

脊髓髓内肿瘤约占椎管肿瘤的16%,占所有中枢神经系统肿瘤的2%~4%,常见的包括室管膜瘤、星形细胞瘤、畸胎瘤等。

脊髓髓内肿瘤约占椎管肿瘤的16%,占所有中枢神经系统肿瘤的2%~4%常见的包括室管膜瘤、星形细胞瘤、畸胎瘤等。髓内肿瘤患者在早期可能存在长时间的无症状状态,这种情况在儿童患者中更为多见,使得在疾病的诊断及治疗上存在一定难度。随着肿瘤的进展及神经功能的影响以及脊柱的生长发育,患者就诊时可能同时合并脊柱侧弯畸形、后凸畸形,甚至可伴有胸廓发育异常及骨盆倾斜,这种情况下,非手术治疗很少能控制侧弯的进展。髓内肿瘤合并脊柱侧弯病情复杂,需要多学科评估,以往此类病例通常由神经外科医生先切除髓内肿瘤,再由脊柱外科医生矫正脊柱侧弯。

近年间,我们尝试对合适的病例进行一期手术同时处理脊髓髓内肿瘤及脊柱侧弯畸形,以减少患者多次手术所增加的并发症风险及经济负担。本文介绍一例我科今年收治的脊髓髓内畸胎瘤合并先天性脊柱发育畸形,导致严重脊柱侧弯的患者,通过一期手术,切除病变,矫正侧弯。

病例特点

青春期女性,13岁,初中学生。主因“发现脊柱侧弯1月“入院。患者1月前日常活动时,家属发现其肩背部不对称,患者无明显疼痛,无肢体感觉障碍,无二便障碍。患儿自诉体育活动时偶有突发下肢无力,摔倒表现。于外院脊柱外科就诊,行X线检查,考虑脊柱侧弯畸形,拟行手术治疗。进一步行核磁共振检查时发现胸髓内异常信号,考虑合并髓内肿瘤,遂来我科行进一步治疗。

入院查体

生命体征平稳,神清语利,身高150 cm,体重53 kg。脊柱曲度异常,胸段脊柱向右凸,棘突无压痛,右侧肩部呈轻度“剃刀背“样改变,站立位时双肩高度基本等高,双下肢等长,骨盆无明显倾斜。四肢肌力肌张力正常,肌容积正常,步态正常。肢体及躯干深浅感觉未见明显异常,双下肢膝腱反射、跟腱反射减弱,病理征阴性。

▲图1 患者右侧肩部呈剃刀背样改变,胸段脊柱向右偏

辅助检查

血尿便常规,凝血功能未见明显异常,血HCG和甲胎蛋白水平正常。术前心电图,超声心动图,肺功能大致正常。

▲图2 术前X光片,正侧位、左右倾斜位、站立位下肢全长片、坐位片。提示胸段脊柱向右侧弯,COBB角约65度

▲图3 术前全脊柱三维CT可进一步评估各节段骨质发育情况,提示T2椎体呈半椎体,T6-7椎体发育异常。制作等比例3D打印模型,设计椎弓根进钉点

▲图4 全脊柱核磁共振提示T6水平髓内占位,T2混杂信号,不均匀强化,结合椎体发育畸形部位,考虑髓内畸胎瘤可能性大

术前评估

患者为青春期儿童,出生时为足月顺产,婴幼儿期生长发育过程未见明显异常。随着青春期生长发育,逐渐出现肩部,背部不对称,偶有下肢无力表现。查体可见脊柱畸形,神经功能尚可。影像学资料提示该患者存在先天性脊柱发育畸形,髓内病变的发生部位与发育不良的椎体一致,位于T6~7水平,故考虑髓内病变同样为先天性肿瘤可能性大,如畸胎瘤。患者一般状态尚可,既往体健,活动量正常,肺容积和通气量无明显缩小。结合病史和影像学检查,考虑髓内病变为先天性良性病变,预后良好。一期切除髓内病变的同时可行侧弯矫正手术。拟在电生理监测辅助下,首先切除髓内病变,随后对T2~3,T6~7水平发育畸形脊柱进行截骨,矫正侧弯。

手术过程

全麻成功后,连接四肢运动体感诱发电位,将患者置于俯卧位。沿棘突连线,术前定位,取T1~10水平切口,常规消毒铺巾。逐层切开皮肤,皮下组织,分离两侧肌肉。可见T3半椎体,T7右侧存在两个椎弓根结构。

去除T6棘突及两侧椎板,显露硬膜囊,两侧悬吊后,正中剪开硬膜,见脊髓局部膨隆,色黄,沿最膨隆处切开,可见无色透明粘稠囊液流出,实性部分病变位于髓内,灰黄色,质地韧,与脊髓粘连紧密,其内混有钙化颗粒,深达脊髓腹侧,切除过程中,患者下肢运动体感电位有所下降,给与术中激素冲击。病变近全切除,应用外科隔离膜悬吊于硬膜下防止脊髓术后粘连,水密缝合硬膜。

应用超声骨刀及椎板咬骨钳进行截骨,咬除T6~7双侧关节突关节、部分椎板,向前“V“字型切除椎体至前方骨皮质,T2~3,T5~6,T7~8关节突关节和部分椎板予以去除。参考1:1等比例3D打印模型,规划进钉点。于T2~4双侧,T7右侧,T8~10双侧椎弓根分别置入万向螺钉一枚,共13枚。依据胸椎生理曲度,塑形连接杆,于侧弯凸侧加压,凹侧撑开,依次上紧顶丝。T6水平上横梁一根。关节突关节处及椎体截骨处大量自体骨和人工骨植骨。皮下放置引流管,逐层缝合。

▲图5 术中情况 切口依据侧弯脊柱走行划定,髓内病变为囊实性,实性部分成分混杂,包含脂肪、钙化骨颗粒。截骨完成后,侧弯矫正手术

最终手术时间8小时,出血800 mL,术中输注自体回收血及异体血,术后顺利脱机拔管,安返病房。

▲图6 病理提示成熟囊性畸胎瘤,未见其他生殖细胞肿瘤成分

术后情况

患者术后出现左下肢运动功能障碍,浅感觉及本体感觉减弱。给予激素,脱水,抑酸,营养神经,预防血栓等治疗。拔除皮下引流管后,早期行康复锻炼。术后10天出院,出院时左下肢运动功能有所恢复。出院后继续于专科医院行康复治疗。目前术后2月,已佩戴支具下地康复。

▲图7 术后影像血检查,提示髓内病变切除满意,术区无脑脊液漏,皮下积液。胸椎侧弯予以大部矫正,内固定位置及植骨满意

病例讨论

01 先天性脊柱畸形

先天性脊柱发育畸形可分为分节不良和脊椎形成不良,发病率约1/10000,如果不通过手术治疗,绝大多数的病例会发生脊柱畸形的进展。单侧的分节不良,因骨桥限制了凹侧的生长发育,可导致脊柱侧弯。脊柱形成不良,侧方形成半椎体也会引起脊柱侧弯,而左右对称的半椎体在前方中线处未融合称为蝴蝶椎,一般不引起脊柱侧弯。本例患者为先天性脊柱畸形,同时存在分节不良和脊柱形成不良,随着青春期发育,脊柱侧弯逐渐加重。需积极手术治疗。

▲图8 我科每周“读书会”,该病例手术前就先天性脊柱畸形进行了回顾学习

02 六级截骨术

截骨术在脊柱外科领域已经有近百年的历史,目前应用最广泛的分级系统,是著名的Frank Schwab医生在2014年提出的Schwab分级系统,该系统是基于解剖学手术入路的脊柱畸形矫形分级系统,目的是便于进行学术交流和使研究结果标准化。该系统划分了6种类型的截骨方法,反映了脊柱不稳定的严重程度以及潜在的畸形矫正角度。

简单来说,每一个椎体节段的1级截骨理论上可以矫正10度畸形,一个节段2级截骨理论上可以矫正20度畸形,以此类推。本病例进行了T6椎体的3级截骨以及多个节段的1级截骨。对于截骨技术的应用,神经外科医师还需要和脊柱外科医师充分交流学习,进一步反思,本患者如在T2-3半椎体水平再进行一侧的3级截骨,松解前方融合的椎体,将会达到更好的矫正效果,但这意味着手术时间的进一步延长和出血量增加,需要术中评估收益。

▲图9 六步截骨术示意图,图片选自Frank Schwab的文章The comprehensive anatomical spinal osteotomy classification

03 髓内肿瘤合并脊柱侧弯的手术策略

儿童最常见的髓内肿瘤为星形细胞瘤,随着髓内星形细胞瘤的进展,患者的肌肉功能会逐步受到损害,影响脊柱的稳定性。同时,青春期是骨骼发育最为迅速的节段。加之脊柱的生长发育是诱发脊柱畸形的重要因素。综合以上各个原因,使得青少年脊髓髓内肿瘤患者常并发脊柱畸形。其发生率可达 50%左右。此类型的脊柱畸形多为神经肌肉型脊柱畸形。

非手术措施很少能完全控制神经肌肉型脊柱侧凸的进展。此外,由于患者存在原发脊髓肿瘤,为彻底显露肿瘤须行椎板切开。这种手术操作进一步破坏了脊柱结构的稳定性。尽管有报道表明,应用椎板复位技术可降低术后脊柱畸形的发生率。然而通过既往回顾性分析可知,术前即存在的脊柱畸形是肿瘤切除术后脊柱畸形加重的独立危险因素。

对于分次还是一期手术处理髓内肿瘤和脊柱侧弯目前尚无定论。我们认为,对于青少年良性肿瘤,如低级别星形细胞瘤,畸胎瘤,合并严重脊柱侧弯,COBB角大于50度。可以尝试一期手术处理髓内肿瘤和脊柱侧弯。手术过程和围手术期管理,需要仔细的术前评估,熟练的手术技巧和团队努力才能取得满意的效果。

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    2022-03-25 neurowu
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    2022-03-25 wushaoling
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1347612, encodeId=4194134e6126b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=88713e938c1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#发育#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37938, encryptionId=88713e938c1, topicName=发育)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f4c124, createdName=neurowu, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 09:24:11 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1362373, encodeId=007613623e375, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9857e03444b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#畸形#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70344, encryptionId=9857e03444b, topicName=畸形)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ca20190, createdName=wushaoling, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 09:24:11 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1369583, encodeId=21fd1369583f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bc9f28589d0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#先天性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28589, encryptionId=bc9f28589d0, topicName=先天性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a435298, createdName=huirong, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 09:24:11 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587049, encodeId=526e158e0499b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d71a8451265' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脊柱侧弯#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84512, encryptionId=d71a8451265, topicName=脊柱侧弯)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f96517422915, createdName=gous, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 09:24:11 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1205726, encodeId=27961205e26c7, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Mar 24 23:54:19 CST 2022, time=2022-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1205721, encodeId=2dc51205e2162, content=挺好的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fda86570959, createdName=ms1000001591536076, createdTime=Thu Mar 24 23:25:30 CST 2022, time=2022-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-03-25 huirong
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1347612, encodeId=4194134e6126b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=88713e938c1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#发育#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37938, encryptionId=88713e938c1, topicName=发育)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f4c124, createdName=neurowu, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 09:24:11 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1362373, encodeId=007613623e375, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9857e03444b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#畸形#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70344, encryptionId=9857e03444b, topicName=畸形)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ca20190, createdName=wushaoling, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 09:24:11 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1369583, encodeId=21fd1369583f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bc9f28589d0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#先天性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28589, encryptionId=bc9f28589d0, topicName=先天性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a435298, createdName=huirong, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 09:24:11 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587049, encodeId=526e158e0499b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d71a8451265' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脊柱侧弯#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84512, encryptionId=d71a8451265, topicName=脊柱侧弯)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f96517422915, createdName=gous, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 09:24:11 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1205726, encodeId=27961205e26c7, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Mar 24 23:54:19 CST 2022, time=2022-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1205721, encodeId=2dc51205e2162, content=挺好的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fda86570959, createdName=ms1000001591536076, createdTime=Thu Mar 24 23:25:30 CST 2022, time=2022-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-03-25 gous
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1347612, encodeId=4194134e6126b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=88713e938c1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#发育#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37938, encryptionId=88713e938c1, topicName=发育)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f4c124, createdName=neurowu, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 09:24:11 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1362373, encodeId=007613623e375, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9857e03444b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#畸形#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70344, encryptionId=9857e03444b, topicName=畸形)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ca20190, createdName=wushaoling, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 09:24:11 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1369583, encodeId=21fd1369583f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bc9f28589d0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#先天性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28589, encryptionId=bc9f28589d0, topicName=先天性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a435298, createdName=huirong, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 09:24:11 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587049, encodeId=526e158e0499b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d71a8451265' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脊柱侧弯#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84512, encryptionId=d71a8451265, topicName=脊柱侧弯)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f96517422915, createdName=gous, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 09:24:11 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1205726, encodeId=27961205e26c7, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Mar 24 23:54:19 CST 2022, time=2022-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1205721, encodeId=2dc51205e2162, content=挺好的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fda86570959, createdName=ms1000001591536076, createdTime=Thu Mar 24 23:25:30 CST 2022, time=2022-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-03-24 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1347612, encodeId=4194134e6126b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=88713e938c1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#发育#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=37938, encryptionId=88713e938c1, topicName=发育)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f4c124, createdName=neurowu, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 09:24:11 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1362373, encodeId=007613623e375, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9857e03444b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#畸形#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70344, encryptionId=9857e03444b, topicName=畸形)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ca20190, createdName=wushaoling, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 09:24:11 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1369583, encodeId=21fd1369583f3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bc9f28589d0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#先天性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28589, encryptionId=bc9f28589d0, topicName=先天性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a435298, createdName=huirong, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 09:24:11 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587049, encodeId=526e158e0499b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d71a8451265' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脊柱侧弯#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84512, encryptionId=d71a8451265, topicName=脊柱侧弯)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f96517422915, createdName=gous, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 09:24:11 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1205726, encodeId=27961205e26c7, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Mar 24 23:54:19 CST 2022, time=2022-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1205721, encodeId=2dc51205e2162, content=挺好的, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fda86570959, createdName=ms1000001591536076, createdTime=Thu Mar 24 23:25:30 CST 2022, time=2022-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-03-24 ms1000001591536076

    挺好的

    0

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