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上前牙牙龈色素痣1例

2020-03-03 耿瑞月 陈志光 耿瑞明 武警医学

色素痣是由色素细胞组成的常见的良性新生物,在一般人群中很常见,多发于面颈部皮肤,黏膜部位色素痣以外生殖器稍多,口腔内单独发生的黑素细胞口腔病变很罕见。口腔黏膜色素痣宜早期选择手术切除治疗,笔者报道1例发生于左上前牙牙龈区色素痣。

色素痣是由色素细胞组成的常见的良性新生物,在一般人群中很常见,多发于面颈部皮肤,黏膜部位色素痣以外生殖器稍多,口腔内单独发生的黑素细胞口腔病变很罕见。口腔黏膜色素痣宜早期选择手术切除治疗,笔者报道1例发生于左上前牙牙龈区色素痣。
 
1.病例报告
 
患者女,35岁。因“左上前牙牙龈区发现一个色素痣12年,近6个月逐渐增大恐恶变”,于2015-09-25来武警广东总队医院口腔科就诊。自诉12年前偶然发现左上前牙牙龈区有一黑色色素斑,约芝麻大小,影响美观,曾在多家医院询诊,希望去除。检查后诊断为:左上前牙牙龈色素痣。因担心该色素痣位于前牙牙龈龈缘处,激光治疗或手术切除后可能导致上前牙牙龈缺损,影响美观而建议暂观察,并嘱患者若发现色素痣增大,为防止恶变倾向则应及时复诊治疗。
 
近6个月来,患者发现该色素痣由芝麻大小渐渐增大为小米粒大小,患者已不敢露齿微笑,感觉严重影响生活,故来诊要求去除。患者既往体健,无高血压、心脏病病史,家族其他成员无类似病史,无药物过敏史。
 
临床检查:左上前牙探(-),叩(-),松(-),唇侧牙龈龈缘区见大小0.4 cm×0.4 cm黑色斑块,质软界清,牙龈表面光滑无突起,邻牙无异常(图1A),双侧颈部淋巴结未触及肿大。诊断为:左上前牙牙龈色素痣。用棉签直接蘸液态氮(广钢林德气体广州有限公司)涂敷病损部位1min,连续冻融2次。冷冻治疗3周后患者复诊,色素痣仍存留,继续进行第2疗程治疗,即用棉签直接蘸液态氮涂敷病损部位1min,连续冻融2次。2015-10-30复诊,色素痣已完全消失,牙龈正常(图1B)。患者两年后复诊,左上前牙探(-),叩(-),松(-),牙龈正常(图1C),双侧颈部淋巴结未触及。


图1上前牙牙龈色素痣治疗前后比较A.治疗前;B.治疗后3周;C.治疗后2年
 
2.讨论
 
口腔黏膜的单一色素斑分为内生性和外生性,内生性多由黑素瘤、小雀斑、基本的黑素病或Laugier-Hunziker综合征、黑素细胞痣、蓝痣和黑棘皮瘤引发;外生性原因多因种族、医学或金属纹身、血管瘤、卡波济病,以及儿童中的神经外胚叶瘤引发。色素痣按发生时间可分为先天性痣和后天性痣两类,按痣细胞分布可分为交界痣、混合痣、皮内痣三种。
 
不同的痣,其好发年龄亦有所不同:(1)交界痣,多见于儿童,成人较少发现;(2)混合痣,多见于儿童期或少年期,其发生时间晚于交界痣;(3)皮内痣,常见于成人,其发生时间较交界痣及混合痣均晚。临床诊治中不能只依靠发生时间来确定,还要根据不同形态及病理表现而进行判定。口腔黑素细胞痣位于口腔内部,进食咀嚼易受摩擦,一旦恶变,预后较差。
 
对于影响美观的前牙牙龈区域的色素痣治疗,检索《中国期刊网》全文数据库(CNKI)、中文科技期刊数据库、万方数据资源系统,目前未检索到相关报道。本例患者在发现该色素痣的十余年间,曾多次去医院咨询希望能尽早去除。因担心手术切除治疗有可能会出现的牙龈缺损、牙龈萎缩等情况而一直未敢治疗,色素痣近6个月来出现增大,故在与患者充分沟通的情况下选择予液态氮冷冻治疗,取得满意疗效。治疗后2年复诊,左上前牙牙龈正常,无牙龈萎缩,无色素沉着,双侧颈部淋巴结未触及,疗效满意。提示我们,对牙龈区域的色素痣,常受食物及刷牙的摩擦刺激,要注意防止恶变可能,因此,对牙龈色素痣患者,建议尽早发现尽早治疗。黑素细胞痣和黑素瘤之间在临床上较难区分,因此需要进行组织学分析。
 
文献分析了89430例色素性损害,其中773例(0.86%)发生在口腔黏膜,并发现口腔黑素细胞痣最常见的部位是上颚,其中黏膜内痣最为常见。从疾病的角度来说,手术切除是目前彻底根治最安全的方法,术后可将切除组织进行病理检查,尽快确诊。本例患者因美观要求高,惧怕手术,因此,未能对该病例做出病理诊断。
 
总之,对发生在牙龈区域的色素痣建议早发现早治疗,手术切除并送病检为首选治疗方法,但对不愿接受手术患者,可采用液态氮冷冻治疗方法尽早治疗,术后定期随诊。
 
原始出处:

耿瑞月,陈志光,耿瑞明,杨慧娜,贾搏.上前牙牙龈色素痣1例[J].武警医学,2019,30(03):251-252.

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    2020-05-16 sunylz
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    2020-03-04 yese
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