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Sci Robot:全球首例!由机器人主刀的人工耳蜗植入手术顺利完成

2017-03-23 王晓行 动脉网

近日,《Science Robotics》网站发表一篇文章,伯尔尼大学的研发一款机器人,在它的辅助下,医生顺利完成了人工耳蜗植入手术,这次手术不同于以往的达芬奇那样的手术机器人:由医生操作手术臂进行手术,这款机器人是由医生监督,机器人“主刀”的手术。动脉网了解到,与人类相比,外科机器人系统在感知力、灵敏性以及手术规模上均优于人类,这些使得外科机器人天生就适合外科手术。另外,虽然科学界进行了深入的研



近日,《Science Robotics》网站发表一篇文章,伯尔尼大学的研发一款机器人,在它的辅助下,医生顺利完成了人工耳蜗植入手术,这次手术不同于以往的达芬奇那样的手术机器人:由医生操作手术臂进行手术,这款机器人是由医生监督,机器人“主刀”的手术。

记者了解到,与人类相比,外科机器人系统在感知力、灵敏性以及手术规模上均优于人类,这些使得外科机器人天生就适合外科手术。另外,虽然科学界进行了深入的研究,图像引导机器人技术在显微外科上的应用中进入临床的案例还是有限的。

其中,最大的挑战是几何尺度和触觉分辨率,在该几何尺度和触觉分辨率下外科医生不能充分控制人类能力范围之外的设备,为了安全性考虑,医生需要进行很多复杂的操作,就像飞行员面对航空电子设备中的仪表盘一样。

耳蜗植入手术是一种显微外科手术,需要在亚毫米级的要求下做手术,并且需要可靠地视觉反馈系统。机器人耳蜗植入系统可以増加手术结果的一致性,例如保存残余听力,减少手术的侵入。

机器人主刀的微创手术

经瑞士伯尔尼伦理委员会和国家医疗器械监管机构的批准,研究人员于2016年夏天进行了临床试验,选择一个51岁的双侧耳聋的女性患者在右耳单侧耳蜗植入。术后用CT成像验证钻孔隧道的几何精度,并测量面部神经活动和味觉的术前和术后水平,比较以确定所使用的安全机制的有效性,效果很喜人。

传统的手术机器人是医生在机器人的帮助下做的手术,这次设计的机器人是机器人动手做手术,我们先来看一下流程图:



先在耳朵后面扎一个孔,然后把管子插进去,再在内耳耳蜗上打个孔,把人工耳蜗投放进去,任务完成。我们注意一下机器人操作的空间,从100毫米,到5毫米,还在在5毫米大的空间内给毫米级的管子打孔,这是普通医生很难做到的。

传统的的手术过程大概是:在耳朵后面切个大大的口子,将皮瓣向后翻开,切除一些东西,用电钻在颅骨制作骨床,再把人工耳蜗放进去。这会造成永久性的伤害,而机器人手术则是微创的。

这个手术之所以敢让机器人做,因为机器人有两大法宝“手术规划干预”和“钻力和骨密度的姿态评估”研究人员称,使用该机器人做手术前,会进行手术规划干预,规划软件工具允许一般图像分割(基准螺钉的识别,绿色),解剖结构的分割(面部神经,黄色)和一般治疗计划的参数化。



同时,使用骨密度(来自CT)和钻头力(在钻孔过程期间记录)的相关性计算最合适的轨迹姿态。

另外,在轨迹取向的手动优化期间,软件自动计算从轨迹到周围建模的解剖结构的几何距离以及轨迹和耳蜗基底转弯的路线之间的角度,以允许最佳的植入电极插入。在连接步骤中,软件检测放置在患者侧面颅底中的基准螺钉,并且用于手术记录。为了适应精度要求,研究人员使用基准体积精度与图像匹配变化模型,来自动化和验证基准螺钉的检测。实施全面的一般图像质量测试,以检测不可接受的图像伪影或不足的图像对比度水平。

机器人自动化水平分级

《Science Robotics》还就此发表了一篇文章,提议根据机器人的自动化水平推出0级(遥控机器人)至5级(独立完成手术的全自动机器人)的分类系统。虽然机器人在自然医学应用中出现了不少问题,实现第五级还有点遥远但是未雨绸缪还是需要的。

假如梦想照进现实,当系统分类达到4级或5级,那么这机器人将不仅仅是一个医疗设备,它将代替医生,有效地进行自主行医,这时候法律、监管、伦理又该如何调整,动脉网以为提思考准是没有错的。

同时,机器人做了医生大量的工作,虽然不会替代医生,但是医生的培训、教育、收入是不是也会相应的改变呢?

原始出处:

Stefan Weber,Kate Gavaghan,Wilhelm Wimmer,et al.Instrument flight to the inner ear.Science Robotics.

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    2017-03-25 xue8602
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    2017-03-25 jiyangfei
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