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Intens Care Med:肝性脑病新认识

2018-06-07 任礽 李珉 张根生 重症医学

肝性脑病(HE)是由于肝脏疾病或门脉系统分流而至的神经或精神并发症。临床症状轻微神经精神错乱,而重至昏迷。根据肝脏基础疾病的不同,HE可分为三型:A型,继发于急性肝衰;B型,继发于门脉分流型疾病;C型,继发于肝硬化,伴或不伴分流。基于临床及动物模型的近期数据,证实HE的发病过程不仅包括了之前公认的高氨血症,还包括了如炎症反应等其他因素。


肝性脑病(HE)是由于肝脏疾病或门脉系统分流而至的神经或精神并发症。临床症状轻微神经精神错乱,而重至昏迷。根据肝脏基础疾病的不同,HE可分为三型:A型,继发于急性肝衰;B型,继发于门脉分流型疾病;C型,继发于肝硬化,伴或不伴分流。基于临床及动物模型的近期数据,证实HE的发病过程不仅包括了之前公认的高氨血症,还包括了如炎症反应等其他因素。

既往认为门脉系统中的氨(NH4+)主要来源于肠道细菌的分解产物,因此,为减少血氨增加,常使用不可被肠道吸收的二糖(乳果糖)及抗生素(利福昔明)。然而,近期研究报道,门脉系统中的氨,主要来源于肠道中谷氨酰胺酶所分解的谷氨酰胺产生;因此,谷氨酰胺酶基因多态性分析可以预测不同肝硬化患者HE的发生率。在急性肝脏衰竭和(或)门脉分流的情况下,尿素循环酶活性下降导致循环中血氨的升高。这些增加的血氨,通过谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase)的作用,在肌细胞及星型胶质细胞中转化为谷氨酰胺。上述异常即解释为何患肌肉减少症(sarcopenia)是肝硬化患者发生HE的高危因素之一,也阐释了急性肝衰竭和肝硬化患者脑水肿发生的原因。

直至近期,应用直接降血氨药物如甘油苯基丁酸、门冬氨酸鸟氨酸等治疗高血氨的方案才获提倡。由于谷氨酰胺相对高渗,急性肝功能衰竭患者脑细胞中谷氨酰胺浓度骤然升高,不仅引起脑内星形胶质细胞产生细胞毒性水肿,并且在血脑屏障功能障碍时可诱发血管源性脑水肿。而在肝硬化时,由于胞浆中谷氨酰胺浓度逐渐升高,以至于这些星形胶质细胞能够通过外排肌醇及牛磺酸以达到细胞内外渗透压相对平衡。这很好的解释“为何在肝硬化患者及(或)慢性肝炎基础性上的急性肝功能衰竭(acute on-chronic liver failure, ACLF)患者中,脑水肿较为少见”。在神经元中,谷氨酰胺通过脱氨基作用代谢为谷氨酸,后者为颅内最重要的兴奋性神经递质,触发神经细胞的电活动。这可以解释急性肝功能衰竭伴发HE时,可表现为焦虑、易激惹及癫痫发作。相对来说,在肝硬化患者中,由于谷氨酸转运体(GLT-1)及谷氨酸突触后受体的表达下降这些代偿机制的存在,,HE的临床表现以反应迟缓,嗜睡及意识改变为主。

氨基酸代谢失衡学说是肝性脑病病理生理机制重要的假说之一。由于肝功能不全导致脑内芳香族氨基酸增加,而低蛋白血症及血脑屏障转运功能下降导致游离色氨酸增加。上述结果,导致多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺以及章胺、酪胺等“假神经递质”的合成异常。其他曾经提及的病理生理机制还包括:相关高氨血症的脑能量代谢衰竭、免疫反应异常、脑血流量降低、线粒体功能障碍、a-酮戊二酸脱氢酶(三羧酸循环酶的一种限速酶)活性抑制等。

然而,中枢神经系统状态的异常并不直接与高氨血症相关,数个研究表明其与全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)及TNF-α或IL-6的血浓度密切相关。脓毒症及全身炎症反应是肝硬化严重程度的重要特征,而感染本身一直就是肝性脑病的经典诱因。除了肝硬化外,脓毒症本身即可诱发相关性脑病(脓毒症相关性脑病)的发生。作为与肝性脑病相关的主要因素之一, 正在兴起一股肠道微生态调节的研究。这种对肠道微生态的调节机制可以用来解释乳果糖及利福昔明治疗HE产生矛盾结果的原因。 最近,粪便移植有望成为治疗肝性脑病的一种策略。肝功能衰竭常伴有肠道屏障功能下降,肠道细菌移位并激活固有免疫系统。然而,肝衰竭时固有免疫应答常出现异常,表现为中性粒细胞吞噬能力的下降、网状内皮细胞系统清除能力的下调以及肝脏合成抗菌蛋白能力的减弱。 相对于稳定期肝硬化,慢性肝炎基础性上的急性肝功能衰竭患者其体内的促炎因子(IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-a, IFN-γ) 表达上调。肝性脑病患者在全身炎症反应的刺激下,其中枢神经系统星型胶质细胞及小胶质细胞产生IL-1β及IL-6,刺激中性粒细胞黏附及其跨血脑屏障的血管内皮迁移,并释放趋化因子、蛋白酶及氧自由基等,结果导致小胶质细胞出现活化表型。因此,目前的研究认为,肝硬化患者的中枢神经系统对全身炎症反应及感染更为敏感;对任何感染的积极治疗是HE重要的治疗措施。值得注意的是,在几种肝性脑病动物模型中也均发现,消炎痛或布洛芬等抗炎药物能够预防神经认知症状和脑水肿的发生。

除了高血氨及炎症反应外,其他的因素也被认为参与了肝性脑病的病理生理过程。因此,HE患者中枢神经系统神经传导受到很大的影响,或作为结果,正如前文以及讨论过的谷氨酸、多巴胺及5-羟色胺那样,或者作为诱因,最终导致了颅内苯二氮卓类复合物或神经甾体水平的上升,最终引起γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)能神经元兴奋。这些苯二氮卓类复合物的存在解释了为何氟马西尼可以用来治疗HE的原因。作为肝衰竭的结果,肝性脑病患者体内存在这些物质如酚类、硫醇类、短链脂肪酸、锰和胆汁酸过剩,而影响中枢神经功能。

利用代谢组学分析,我们最近发现HE患者脑脊液中存在几类药物,特别是抗生素制剂(例如甲硝唑、大扶康或β-内酰胺类)。这些结果与既往的一些临床研究相一致,即肝硬化患者出现神经系统症状可能与β-内酰胺类或质子泵抑制剂(抑制部分抗生素代谢)应用有关。值得注意的是,这些药物均为ATP结合盒(ABC)转运体(表达在血脑屏障中)的代谢底物,其负责把药物排出脑外。 在HE动物模型中,我们最近发现,相较于无肝性脑病的肝硬化,肝性脑病时其ABC转运体的表达发生了明显的改变(作者个人数据)。这些研究提示,神经系统的异常症状可能与药物诱导的脑病相关。还有动物研究表明,暴露胆红素及胆汁后可诱导P-糖蛋白的表达下调,后者为血脑屏障上的主要ABC转运体;这种表达的下调有利于颅内GABA浓度的增加。因此,肝硬化患者应用上述药物时需特别谨慎,当对神经系统症状需要作鉴别诊断时,应除外这些药物相关因素。

近来细胞生物学及免疫学研究的不断进展,正在改变我们对肝性脑病病理生理机制的认识,也将在未来提供更多新的治疗方案。

原始出处:

Nicolas Weiss, Rajiv Jalan, Dominique Thabut.Understanding hepatic encephalopathy.Intensive Care Medicine.Volume 44, Number 2 / February, 2018

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    2018-06-12 showtest
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    2018-06-08 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-06-07 有备才能无患

    肝性脑病(HE)是由于肝脏疾病或门脉系统分流而至的神经或精神并发症.临床症状轻微神经精神错乱.而重至昏迷.根据肝脏基础疾病的不同.HE可分为三型:A型.继发于急性肝衰,B型.继发于门脉分流型疾病,C型.继发于肝硬化.伴或不伴分流.基于临床及动物模型的近期数据.证实HE的发病过程不仅包括了之前公认的高氨血症.还包括了如炎症反应等其他因素.

    0

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    2018-06-07 changjiu

    学习一下谢谢

    0

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    2018-06-07 为你把脉

    v高哈哈哈还好还好哈

    0

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