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Nat Immunol:地毯式搜索、精准辨认,免疫新疗法让所有癌细胞无所遁形!

2019-10-17 不详 转化医学网

近日,来自耶鲁大学的陈斯迪团队研发了一种基于CRISPR基因表达调控的集成内源基因激活免疫疗法 (MAEGI, Multiplex Activation of Endogenous Genes as Immunotherapy),绝杀之前的癌症免疫疗法,可对所有癌细胞进行地毯式搜索,辨认伪装癌细胞,最终进行免疫清除。这并不是纸上谈兵,该疗法已然在三阴性乳腺癌、黑色素瘤和胰腺癌等三种小鼠肿瘤模型中取

近日,来自耶鲁大学的陈斯迪团队研发了一种基于CRISPR基因表达调控的集成内源基因激活免疫疗法 (MAEGI, Multiplex Activation of Endogenous Genes as Immunotherapy),绝杀之前的癌症免疫疗法,可对所有癌细胞进行地毯式搜索,辨认伪装癌细胞,最终进行免疫清除。这并不是纸上谈兵,该疗法已然在三阴性乳腺癌、黑色素瘤和胰腺癌等三种小鼠肿瘤模型中取得了良好的治疗效果。



免疫治疗的抗癌效果,主要依赖于免疫细胞对癌细胞特异性抗原的识别;其基本原理是提高免疫系统对癌细胞的识别和杀伤能力,因此免疫系统对肿瘤相关抗原(TAAs)的特异性识别和杀伤能力是决定该类疗法成败的关键。TAAs既在肿瘤细胞中过度表达,也在正常细胞中表达。不仅如此,TAAs作为普通的宿主蛋白,易产生免疫耐受,甚至完全沉默某些抗原的表达和呈递。这些“冷”肿瘤现象加上肿瘤免疫微环境的进一步抑制,阻碍免疫系统对肿瘤的识别和攻击,很容易导致免疫逃逸的发生。

为了解决现有免疫治疗的缺陷,新系统--MAEGI应运而生,其工作原理类似于将缺乏免疫细胞或“冷”肿瘤的癌组织转化为具有免疫细胞的癌症。肿瘤从冷到“热”的转变使免疫系统能够识别肿瘤并发起攻击。但它又完全不同于现有的肿瘤免疫疗法,它对成千上万的癌症相关基因进行地毯式搜索,并进行GPS定位放大其信号。从设计层面讲,MAEGI利用CRISPRa(CRISPR激活)技术,将不具有核酸酶活性的Cas9蛋白( dCas9)与转录激活因子融合,再由sgRNA(向导RNA)引导到靶基因的位置,实现在体内激活多个指定目标基因的表达,进而促进隐性内源性抗原的表达,最终提高免疫识别和免疫清除效果。

研究人员选取腺相关病毒(AAV)来进行药物投递,通过全外显子测序,筛选出三阴性乳腺癌细胞系的所有突变基因,并采用精准激活库(只靶向肿瘤组织不影响正常组织)激活三阴性乳腺癌的所有突变基因,结果发现,44%的原位瘤产生完全/近完全缓解(治愈),67%的非直接注射的同体非原位瘤也产生完全/近完全化解。而新系统更加神奇之处在于:刺激机体产生的抗肿瘤免疫具有长效持久性--通过该系统治愈的小鼠在三个月后仍然可以完全清除同种肿瘤的攻击,并保持了6个月以上的完全缓解。


新系统工作流程

总而言之,这种多重内源性基因激活是一种多用途和高度可扩展的策略,可以诱发对癌症的有效免疫反应。陈斯迪教授表示:一旦这些细胞被识别出来,如果它们将来出现,免疫系统就会立即识别并将其消灭。该研究团队接下来会简化该系统的制作,并计划纳入临床试验,如果能成功,那人类与癌症之间的拉锯战也可以胜利的姿态宣告结束。

原始出处:

Guangchuan Wang, Ryan D. Chow, Zhigang Bai, et.al. Multiplexed activation of endogenous genes by CRISPRa elicits potent antitumor immunity. Nature Immunology 14 October 2019

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    2019-10-21 liye789132251
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    2019-10-19 yxch36
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    2019-10-19 kcb074

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