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新生儿出现黄疸后死亡,你还敢掉以轻心吗?

2019-01-28 鲁辰 医学界儿科频道

一产妇,孕期定期产检,常规检查未见异常。妊娠36+6周,新生儿顺产娩出,产妇分娩过程中发热,体温波动在37.8-38.4℃,给予抗感染治疗后好转。

惨痛教训:

一产妇,孕期定期产检,常规检查未见异常。妊娠36+6周,新生儿顺产娩出,产妇分娩过程中发热,体温波动在37.8-38.4℃,给予抗感染治疗后好转。

新生儿出生后胆红素TCB(12-36-60-84小时分别为5.6-10.6-15.6-18.9mg/dl),未遵医嘱坚持出院,且未按照医嘱要求门诊复查监测黄疸;出生后3+天出院,出院后7天因新生儿核黄疸入院,经治疗无效,最后死亡。

1.新生儿黄疸为“何方妖怪”?

新生儿黄疸多由未结合胆红素升高引起。黄疸是新生儿期常见症状之一,它可以是正常发育过程中出现的症状,也可以是某些疾病的表现,严重者可致脑损伤。

新生儿血中胆红素>5-7mg/dl可出现肉眼可见黄疸;50%-60%足月儿和80%早产儿可出现所谓“生理性”黄疸。新生儿黄疸是新生儿期最常见的,需要及时评估和处理的临床问题。

美国每年因新生儿黄疸再住院人数较10年前增加了160%。在我国,引起新生儿入院第一位的疾病也是新生儿黄疸;新生儿黄疸俨然已经成为公共卫生问题,应引起医疗部门和普通民众的高度关注。

2.“生理性黄疸”是咋回事?

☆人类出生时胆红素产量大于胆红素排泄量,我国绝大部分新生儿都会出现“暂时性总胆红素增高”,传统称“新生儿生理性黄疸”。

☆传统生理性黄疸诊断标准是血清胆红素增加在一定范围即胆红素足月儿≤220.6μmol/L(12.9mg/dL),早产儿≤255μmol/L(15.0mg/dL)。

☆健康足月儿进行常规喂养时,有接近2/3的新生儿血清胆红素高峰出现在生后第4-5天,此后血清胆红素水平快速下降,在生后1-2周时达正常成人水平;早产儿可延迟3-4周。

3.“病理性黄疸”又是咋回事?

☆黄疸出现过早(24小时以内);

☆重症黄疸,血清胆红素足月儿>221μmol/L(12.9mg/dl),早产儿>257(15mg/dl);

☆进展快,每日上升超过85μmol/L(>5mg/dl);

☆黄疸持续过久(足月)2周,早产儿≥4周);

☆黄疸退而复现;

☆结合胆红素超过34μmol/L(>2mg/dl)。

具备以上任何一项就应考虑为病理性黄疸。

4.宝宝母乳性黄疸,是不是就安全?可以一劳永逸?

☆早发型母乳性黄疸的预防和处理

1.鼓励频繁喂奶,避免添加糖水;喂奶最好在每日8-12次以上;

2.监测胆红素浓度;

3.血清胆红素达到光疗指征时可光疗。

☆晚发型母乳性黄疸处理

1.血清胆红素<257μmol/L(<15mg/dl)不需停母乳;

2.血清胆红素>257μmol/L(>15mg/dl)时暂停母乳3d,在停母乳期间,母亲需定时吸奶;

3.血清胆红素>342μmol(>20mg/dl)时则加光疗,一般不需要用白蛋白或血浆治疗。

当宝宝出现母乳性黄疸时,考虑家长们不太能掌握宝宝具体的黄染程度,建议及时新生儿科或儿保门诊就诊,密切监测宝宝黄染情况。

5.新生儿黄疸的原因都是一样的吗?

NO!!!

除了生理性黄疸,也有非生理性黄疸,引起病理性黄疸的因素有很多:

母乳性黄疸

早产

宫内感染

新生儿败血症

红细胞增多症

血液外渗如头颅血肿

ABO溶血、蚕豆病

内分泌代谢障碍

消化道及胆道疾病

6.同一黄疸值对于不同新生儿个体的损害水平是不一样滴!!!

新生儿黄疸要具体问题,具体分析!!!

新生儿血清胆红素水平对个体的危害性受机体状态和环境多种因素的影响。如早产,感染等加重新生儿黄染程度;

在某些情况下,低于现行生理性黄疸标准,也有形成胆红素脑病的可能,而超过生理性黄疸水平的健康足月儿不一定会造成病理性损害;

新生儿出生后的胆红素水平是一个动态变化的过程,因此在诊断高胆红素血症时需考虑其胎龄、日龄和高危因素;



对于胎龄≥35周的新生儿,目前多采用美国学者制作的新生儿小时胆红素列线图或美国医学会推荐的光疗参考曲线作为诊断或干预标准参考。当胆红素水平超过95百分位时定义为高胆红素血症,应予以干预。

根据不同的胆红素水平升高程度,胎龄35周的新生儿高胆红素血症还可以分为:

重度高胆红素血症:TSB峰值超过342μmol/L(20mg/dl);

极重度高胆红素血症:TSB峰值超过427μmol/L(25mg/dl);

危险性高胆红素血症:TSB峰值超过510μmol/L(30mg/dl)。

7.哪些高危因素提示需要密切监测黄疸?



8.出院后新生儿黄疸随访很重要

根据出院时龄和危险因素评估而有所不同;可参考以下随访宣教,具体务必遵医嘱。

出生24h内出院,应在生后72h门诊随访;

出生24-48h出院,应在生后96h门诊随访;

出生48-72h出院,应在生后120h门诊随访。

9.病理性黄疸不及时治疗的危害

☆胆红素脑病:胆红素神经毒性引起相应的临床症状;

☆核黄疸:胆红素毒性引起的慢性和永久性损害,包括锥体外系运动障碍、感觉神经性听力丧失、眼球运动障碍和牙釉质发育异常;

☆除了对神经系统产生损害,还会对新生儿心肌组织、肝肾功能、凝血机制等有不同程度的损害。

我国在新生儿黄疸的随访方面,缺乏足够的重视。即使在少数大城市的医院,也未形成正规有效的新生儿黄疸随访制度,更何况广大农村和落后地区,这是导致我国目前胆红素脑病高发的最重要的因素。

总结

新生儿黄疸要针对个体具体评估其风险,也就是具体问题具体分析。

别人家娃TCB15mg/dl没风险,不代表对你家娃没风险,所以一定不能一刀切。

家长们要加强对黄疸的认识,新生儿黄疸本身不可怕,但是要密切监测、及时辨识引起黄疸的原因,积极对因对症治疗,才可避免我们不期望看到的后果。

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    2019-03-16 jyzxjiangqin

    新生儿出现黄疸的治疗。

    0

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    2019-03-06 jyzxjiangqin

    新生儿出现黄疸后死亡。

    0

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    2019-02-07 jyzxjiangqin

    新生儿出现黄疸。

    0

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    2019-01-30 楚秀娟
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    2019-01-29 jyzxjiangqin

    新生儿出现黄疸。

    0

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