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Cell:重大突破!科学家终于实现体内操纵免疫球蛋白致病开关,或颠覆自身免疫疾病现行疗法

2017-12-28 佚名 奇点网

玩了这么多年历史策略游戏,奇点糕对策反敌将这一招一直情有独钟。派几名能言善辩之士游说,让忠诚心不高的将领生出异心,然后等敌将率兵来犯时,启动提前布下的暗棋——不动一刀一枪,对面全军就临阵倒戈。虽说现实不是游戏,但类似的事例实在是史不绝书,有时一次叛变就足以让历史转个巨大的弯。

玩了这么多年历史策略游戏,奇点糕对策反敌将这一招一直情有独钟。派几名能言善辩之士游说,让忠诚心不高的将领生出异心,然后等敌将率兵来犯时,启动提前布下的暗棋——不动一刀一枪,对面全军就临阵倒戈。虽说现实不是游戏,但类似的事例实在是史不绝书,有时一次叛变就足以让历史转个巨大的弯。

天知道他谋反时在想什么……这可能就是所谓的“命运的齿轮转动之时”吧

这种招数,放在治病救人上也大有用武之地。近期的《细胞》上,哈佛大学研究团队的新发现就充分体现了“化敌为友”这四个字:在患者体内,控制导致疾病的免疫球蛋白结构上的“致病开关”,把它们变成缓解炎症损伤的“好蛋白”,用来治疗类风湿关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮等多种疾病 !从致病到治病,只要一针就搞定。

在人体庞大而缜密的免疫系统中,免疫球蛋白的作用举足轻重,因为与各种病原体进行结合,诱导后续免疫应答的抗体正是它们(严格来说,抗体全部都是免疫球蛋白,但免疫球蛋白不全部是抗体)。没有免疫球蛋白的参与,免疫系统的大部分防御功能就成了空有杀伤力,却几乎不能识别目标的摆设。人体内的免疫球蛋白可以分为五种,其中 IgG 数量最多,临床常说的“打丙球”主要用到的就是它们。


打丙球这几个字应该不会有医生觉得陌生,适应症实在太广了……

不过,系统性红斑狼疮、类风湿关节炎这些赫赫有名的自身免疫病当中却也能看到 IgG 作祟的鬼影。一会是正常免疫反应的排头兵,一会又成了自身免疫疾病的帮凶,IgG 的角色多变与它所结合的抗原关系密切,如果结合的不是入侵病原体,而是针对自身组织的抗原,那后续的免疫反应可就要同室操戈了,而且很多时候被激活的免疫反应还能长期存在,自带干粮干活,不断造成损伤……

想从源头上根除自身抗原,目前还是极难实现的任务,因此不少科学家就从免疫球蛋白的结构上入手,争取对它们“稍加教导”,不要产生加剧病情的免疫损伤。以 IgG 为例,它在结构上主要分为两部分,Fab 片段决定了抗体结合的抗原种类,Fc 片段则与效应分子或效应细胞结合,承担调节免疫反应的任务。

从原理上来说,单靠 Fc 片段就足够完成调节免疫应答的任务。科学家们在结核、登革热、艾滋病等多种感染性疾病中都找到了高度特异性的 Fc 片段,但这些片段导致的免疫应答却存在显着差异,有些能控制疾病进展,有些反而助纣为虐增加损伤。


是敌是友?N297 这个位点可以说是 IgG 的敌我识别器了

那为什么免疫反应往往只杀敌而不自损呢?关键在 Fc 片段 297 位上的 N - 糖基化位点,如果这个位点挂着的是唾液酸基团,IgG 诱导的免疫反应不仅不会导致自身免疫病,反而还能有效抗击炎症。临床有种手段叫做丙种球蛋白冲击治疗,一次性输注的就是大量携带唾液酸基团的正常 IgG,致病的异常抗体会陷入人民战争的汪洋大海之中,无法导致损伤。

有研究显示,在类风湿关节炎患者的病变关节当中,IgG 被唾液酸化修饰的比例会显着下降 [7]。然而,找到目标和实现目标可是两回事。如果对致病的异常 IgG 展开无差别清除,势必累及无辜,影响人体正常的免疫功能;而冲击疗法这招也颇有点三板斧的意思,重复使用往往难以奏效,治疗价格也不菲。医生们总不能像 CAR- T 疗法一样把异常的 IgG 收集起来,改造好了再输注回患者体内吧?

就地转化,即俘即补,这可是淮海战役解放军的绝招

最好的办法,就是就地转化患者体内的异常免疫球蛋白。一般情况下,唾液酸化修饰是在细胞内蛋白质的合成流程中完成的,但本次论文的通讯作者 Robert Anthony 却在数年前发现,这一过程也能在细胞外依赖一种名为 ST6GAL1 的酶进行,同时还必须有 B4GALT1 酶介导的半乳糖基团修饰提高转化效率,一切瞬间就明朗了——想治病,就直接模仿这个过程!

基于这一步步的论证,研究团队专门设计了名为 ST6Fc 和 B4Fc 的两种酶(对应上文的 ST6GAL1 和 B4GALT1 酶),将它们共同注射到类风湿关节炎和系统性红斑狼疮的模型小鼠体内,小鼠的症状就明显改善,自身免疫异常导致的炎症被有效控制,效果比注射大剂量的免疫球蛋白还要好!而且由于唾液酸化修饰是一种无毒的过程,即使被修饰的是正常 IgG,也不会带来明显的副作用。

同时注射 B4Fc 和 ST6Fc 两种酶,可以取得比静脉注射大量丙球更好的治疗效果,但两种酶必须同时使用,缺一不可

研究团队认为,这种应用体内原有成分,“化敌为友”的手段不仅效果良好,而且起效剂量只有传统大剂量丙球注射治疗的 400 分之一,因此治疗高效的同时还有着出色的性价比,有望推广到自身免疫疾病和各种与炎症有关疾病的治疗上。

当然,目前这种全新的治疗策略只能说走完了万里长征的第一步,接下来还需要临床试验来不断探索合理剂量、长期疗效等问题。但正所谓上兵伐谋,“团结一切可以团结的力量”,这可是昨天诞辰的那位伟人的名言啊。如果哪天能有大神让癌细胞也立地成佛……虽然看似遥远,但梦想还是要有的嘛。

原始出处:

Jose D. Pagan, Maya Kitaoka, Robert M. Anthony,et al. Engineered Sialylation of Pathogenic Antibodies In Vivo Attenuates Autoimmune Disease. Cell,published online: December 21, 2017.

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    2018-11-16 维他命
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    2018-01-11 xzw113
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UT西南医学中心的研究人员发现,FDA批准的用于治疗高血压的药物似乎通过可能模拟热量限制的细胞信号传导途径延长了蠕虫的寿命。

Cell Rep:国际团队解开免疫系统的奥妙,包括艾滋病在内的免疫性疾病有救了

莫纳什大学生物医学发现研究所的科学家们定义了一种新的分子“蓝图”,它在免疫系统通过“记忆”感染来对抗疾病的能力中起着关键作用。了解免疫记忆的细节可能会为提高和创造新疫苗,并为利用免疫系统对抗癌症等疾病的治疗方法开辟道路。

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