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Lancet Neurol:儿童动脉缺血性卒中的流行病学与临床特征

2013-12-10 佚名 丁香园

儿童卒中包括缺血性卒中(IS )和出血性卒中。缺血性卒中包括动脉缺血性卒中(AIS) 和脑静脉窦血栓 (CSVT)。出血性卒中(HS)包括自发颅内(脑实质和脑室内) 出血和非创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血。儿童卒中发病率各国报道不同,在发达国家,年发病率是1.3/10 万 ~ 13.0/10万,缺血性卒中和出血性卒中各约占50%,中国香港地区儿童卒中发病率为2.1/10万,缺血性卒中占72%。 一般情况下

儿童卒中包括缺血性卒中(IS )和出血性卒中。缺血性卒中包括动脉缺血性卒中(AIS) 和脑静脉窦血栓 (CSVT)。出血性卒中(HS)包括自发颅内(脑实质和脑室内) 出血和非创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血。儿童卒中发病率各国报道不同,在发达国家,年发病率是1.3/10 万 ~ 13.0/10万,缺血性卒中和出血性卒中各约占50%,中国香港地区儿童卒中发病率为2.1/10万,缺血性卒中占72%。

一般情况下,儿童动脉缺血性卒中的发病率在婴儿期发病率最高,进入儿童期又显著下降,但总发病率显著低于中老年人,可能是由于儿童期特有的生理特征导致血浆凝血酶原浓度降低,凝血酶活性下降,血浆ɑ2蛋白浓度增高,机体内凝血酶显著抑制以及内皮抗栓能力增强,但随着年龄的增高,10岁之后发病率和死亡率又逐步增加。【原文下载

并且在临床工作中,由于儿童动脉缺血性卒中病因复杂多样,且症状不典型,且导致漏诊或误诊。目前对于儿童卒中研究较少,需要进一步的多中心的队列研究以及儿科临床试验,以循证医学的四位指导临床治疗,使卒中儿童热得到最大程度的恢复,同时也大大减少家庭和社会的负担。

针对这种情况,来自英国布里斯托尔皇家儿童医院的小儿神经科的Andrew A Mallick博士等人进行了一项研究,其目的为研究儿童动脉缺血性卒中的流行病学和临床特点。该结果在线发表于2013年12月2日的《The Lancet Neurology》杂志上,研究结果表明儿童动脉缺血性卒中的危险因素在年龄和种族方面存在差异,在性别方面没有差异,82名(85%)儿童有局灶性特征(通常为轻偏瘫),癫痫常发生于更小的儿童(≤1岁),头痛常发生于稍微大点的儿童(>5岁)。

研究纳入对象对英国南部地区的599万儿童,年龄为出生后29天至16岁之间,发病时间为1年内(2008年7月1日至2012年6月30日),并用影像学检测手段进一步确诊为动脉缺血性卒中。病例来源于儿科神经学家和实习生、英国儿科神经监测单元,儿科医生、放射科医生、物理治疗师、神经外科医生、家长、和儿科重症监护审计网络。病例由病例检查和病例记录确定。经过分析病例记录,记录了疾病发生时的特点,危险因素和调查的风险因素。研究使用捕捉-重捕法分析来评估病例的完整性。

研究确定了96例发现动脉缺血性卒中事件,儿童动脉缺血性卒中粗发病率为1.60每100000人年。捕捉-重捕法分析提示病例完整性为89%.儿童在1岁以下动脉缺血性卒中发生率最高(4.14 每100 000 人年)。对于动脉缺血性卒中的危险因素在性别方面没有差异,男孩粗发病率为1.60每100000人年 VS 女孩为1.61每100000人年。动脉缺血性卒中的危险因素在种族方面存在差异,亚裔(相对风险为2.14)和非裔儿童(2.28)动脉缺血性卒中发生率高于白人儿童。82名(85%)儿童有局灶性特征(通常为轻偏瘫)。癫痫常发生于更小的儿童(≤1岁),头痛常发生于稍微大点的儿童(>5岁)。80名(83%)儿童动脉缺血性卒中至少存在一个危险因素。

研究结果显示儿童动脉缺血性卒中的危险因素在年龄和种族方面存在差异,在性别方面没有差异,且绝大多数儿童动脉发生缺血性卒中至少存在一个危险因素且有表现为轻偏瘫的局灶性特征,癫痫常发生于≤1岁的儿童,头痛常发生于>5岁的儿童。

研究背景:

虽然儿童卒中发病率远远低于成年人,尤其是老年人,但当儿童发生动脉缺血性卒中后,不仅复发危险率和致死率高,还会造成更严重的认知和功能障碍,影响儿童的心理、行为以及智力,降低其生活质量。

儿童动脉缺血性卒中的病因与成人不同,成人主要为高血压、动脉粥样硬化等儿童的病因具有地区差异性。在欧美,主要为镰状细胞病和凝血功能异;在日本则为烟雾病;我国香港报道心脏疾病和血管病为其主要病因;中国大陆儿童动脉缺血性卒中的主要病因为轻微头部外伤、脑动脉疾病、先天性心脏病、镰状细胞贫血和血液系统异常等。由此可见,儿童动脉缺血性卒中以多病因疾病,因地域、种族、性别的不同,有着更为复杂多样的病因。

目前对于儿童卒中的了解还很局限,应加强对幼儿及学龄前儿童的看护和安全教育,积极预防感染,可能有效降低动脉缺血性卒中的发生,对有偏瘫的患儿,及早行头颅影像学检查将有利于动脉缺血性卒中的诊断,以显著改善预后。

原文出处

Mallick AA, Ganesan V, Kirkham FJ, Fallon P, Hedderly T, McShane T, Parker AP, Wassmer E, Wraige E, Amin S, Edwards HB, Tilling K, O'Callaghan FJ.Childhood arterial ischaemic stroke incidence, presenting features, and risk factors: a prospective population-based study.Lancet Neurol. 2013 Nov 29.【原文下载

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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1776303, encodeId=1ccc1e76303e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=539633319e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#动脉缺血性卒中#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=33319, encryptionId=539633319e2, topicName=动脉缺血性卒中)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ae8138921016, createdName=xlysu, createdTime=Tue Dec 31 06:03:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1842842, encodeId=159b1842842bc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=112222886b8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床特征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22886, encryptionId=112222886b8, topicName=临床特征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=yeye5224612, createdTime=Tue Nov 25 12:03:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1805980, encodeId=db171805980d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b649e9358fa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#缺血性卒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79358, encryptionId=b649e9358fa, topicName=缺血性卒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=636e2500187, createdName=12498da4m32(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Sep 21 17:03:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1892596, encodeId=ac67189259698, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c738e93521f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#缺血性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79352, encryptionId=c738e93521f, topicName=缺血性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=66ec123, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Thu Jan 30 01:03:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1827656, encodeId=fead182e65635, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Fri Jul 04 17:03:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1999356, encodeId=6ad61999356e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d5df12695e6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Neurol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12695, encryptionId=d5df12695e6, topicName=Neurol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8217292, createdName=yinhl1978, createdTime=Tue Nov 18 20:03:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1411205, encodeId=0b1014112050f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=91e96538eee' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#流行病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65387, encryptionId=91e96538eee, topicName=流行病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=xugumin, createdTime=Thu Dec 12 02:03:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-11-18 yinhl1978
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1776303, encodeId=1ccc1e76303e8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=539633319e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#动脉缺血性卒中#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=33319, encryptionId=539633319e2, topicName=动脉缺血性卒中)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ae8138921016, createdName=xlysu, createdTime=Tue Dec 31 06:03:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1842842, encodeId=159b1842842bc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=112222886b8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床特征#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22886, encryptionId=112222886b8, topicName=临床特征)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=yeye5224612, createdTime=Tue Nov 25 12:03:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1805980, encodeId=db171805980d5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b649e9358fa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#缺血性卒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79358, encryptionId=b649e9358fa, topicName=缺血性卒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=636e2500187, createdName=12498da4m32(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Sep 21 17:03:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1892596, encodeId=ac67189259698, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c738e93521f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#缺血性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79352, encryptionId=c738e93521f, topicName=缺血性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=66ec123, createdName=guihongzh, createdTime=Thu Jan 30 01:03:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1827656, encodeId=fead182e65635, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1b6210686b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Lancet#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10686, encryptionId=1b6210686b2, topicName=Lancet)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=778d36, createdName=柳叶一刀, createdTime=Fri Jul 04 17:03:00 CST 2014, time=2014-07-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1999356, encodeId=6ad61999356e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d5df12695e6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Neurol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12695, encryptionId=d5df12695e6, topicName=Neurol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8217292, createdName=yinhl1978, createdTime=Tue Nov 18 20:03:00 CST 2014, time=2014-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1411205, encodeId=0b1014112050f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=91e96538eee' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#流行病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65387, encryptionId=91e96538eee, topicName=流行病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=xugumin, createdTime=Thu Dec 12 02:03:00 CST 2013, time=2013-12-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2013-12-12 xugumin
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