JBC：小鼠模型能贴切模拟人类阿尔茨海默症

apoE4基因是人体内很强的阿尔茨海默症风险因子，携带这一基因的人患阿尔茨海默症的风险比其他人高15倍。美国Illinois大学芝加哥校区医学院的研究人员在传统阿尔茨海默症小鼠模型的基础上，开发了携带人类apoE4基因的新型转基因小鼠模型。这种新模型能够更贴切的模拟人类阿尔茨海默症，将大大有助于相应预防和治疗药物的开发。研究人员也通过这种新型小鼠模型得到了阿尔茨海默症起因的新信息，该研究提前发表在Journal of Biological Chemistry杂志的网站上。
 
研究人员用现有阿尔茨海默症转基因小鼠与携带人类apoE4基因的小鼠杂交，从而得到了这种新型小鼠模型。apoE4是apoE基因三种突变类型之一，是人类阿尔茨海默症患者体内最强的遗传学风险因子。
 
阿尔茨海默症患者死后的尸检显示，大脑蛋白斑块的关键成分是淀粉样蛋白amyloid-beta。不过amyloid-beta除了形成可见大斑块以外，也以更小的可溶低聚物形式存在，而这种形式的amyloid-beta很可能在时阿尔茨海默症的真凶，Illinois大学的生化学家Mary Jo LaDu副教授介绍道。
 
“在很长一段时间，人们认为是淀粉样蛋白形成的斑块造成了阿尔茨海默症中的神经死亡。不过现在，科学家们开始认识到阿尔茨海默症中的神经毒性可能来自于更小的可溶性低聚体。”
 
不过，人们要研究amyloid-beta低聚物的作用还面临着一道难题。研究人员指出，能够区分amyloid-beta不同累积形式的检测方法很少。而他们开发了一种高度特异性的单克隆抗体来解决这一问题，该抗体能够特异性的识别低聚体形式的amyloid-beta。
 
研究人员利用这种抗体和新小鼠模型，分析了最早期的amyloid-beta累积，并研究了apoE不同突变形式所造成的差异。研究显示，携带apoE4的转基因小鼠与带其他apoE突变的小鼠相比，大脑中低聚体形式的amyloid-beta更多，说明这种阿尔茨海默症风险基因的作用机制很可能是影响amyloid-beta的累积形式。在此之前的其他转基因小鼠模型都无法体现这样的相互作用。此外，如果低聚物amyloid-beta是阿尔茨海默症的病因，那它也是最早的疾病指标。
 
研究人员指出，apoE4不仅是阿尔茨海默症的风险因子，携带apoE4的患者往往对临床治疗的反应也更差。然而，在此之前人们还未能在携带人类apoE的转基因小鼠中进行药物测试。现在，研究人员可以从新小鼠模型中得到比以往更清晰全面的治疗效果信息。Illinois大学的研究人员正在利用他们的新技术研发阿尔茨海默症治疗药物。

APOE4-specific changes in Aβ accumulation in a new transgenic model of Alzheimer's Disease

APOE4 is the greatest risk factor for Alzheimers disease (AD) and synergistic effects with amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) suggest interactions among apoE isoforms and different forms of Aβ accumulation. However, it remains unclear how APOE genotype affects plaque morphology, intraneuronal Aβ, soluble Aβ42, and oligomeric Aβ (oAβ), particularly in vivo. As introduction of human APOE significantly delays amyloid deposition in transgenic mice expressing familial-AD (FAD) mutations (FAD-Tg), 5xFAD-Tg mice, which exhibit amyloid deposition by 2-months, were crossed with apoE targeted-replacement mice to produce the new EFAD-Tg mice. Compared to 5xFAD mice, Aβ deposition was delayed ~4 months in the EFAD mice, allowing detection of early changes in Aβ accumulation from 2-6 months. While plaque deposition is generally greater in E4FAD mice, E2/E3FAD have significantly more diffuse and E4FAD more compact plaques. As a first report in FAD-Tg mice, APOE genotype had no effect on intraneuronal Aβ accumulation in EFAD mice. In E4FAD mice, total apoE levels were lower and total Aβ levels higher than E2FAD and E3FAD mice. Profiles from sequential three-step extractions (TBS, detergent and formic acid) demonstrate that the lower level of total apoE4 is reflected only in the detergent-soluble fraction, indicating that less apoE4 is lipoprotein-associated, and perhaps less lipidated, compared with apoE2 and apoE3. Soluble Aβ42 and oAβ levels were highest in E4FAD mice, although soluble apoE2, apoE3 and apoE4 levels were comparable, suggesting that the differences in soluble Aβ42 and oAβ result from functional differences among the apoE isoforms. Thus, APOE differentially regulates multiple aspects of Aβ accumulation.