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全新APS术后疼痛管理指南建议

2016-05-10 佚名 寻医问药网

新的循证医学临床实践指南是基于一个跨学科的专家小组的调查结果。APS委托美国麻醉医师协会撰写指南文档,该文件随后也得到了美国区域麻醉和疼痛管理学会的批准。研究表明,大多数手术患者疼痛缓解不足,将会增加术后长期疼痛,情绪障碍和身体损伤等风险,该指南的主要作者罗杰教授说道。指南中提到,缓解手术疼痛有很多方式,可以使用不同的药物,例如,阿片类药物和非阿片类药物,非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)、加巴喷丁/

新的循证医学临床实践指南是基于一个跨学科的专家小组的调查结果。APS委托美国麻醉医师协会撰写指南文档,该文件随后也得到了美国区域麻醉和疼痛管理学会的批准。

研究表明,大多数手术患者疼痛缓解不足,将会增加术后长期疼痛,情绪障碍和身体损伤等风险,该指南的主要作者罗杰教授说道。

指南中提到,缓解手术疼痛有很多方式,可以使用不同的药物,例如,阿片类药物和非阿片类药物,非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)、加巴喷丁/普瑞巴林、氯胺酮、利多卡因;药物的使用方式也可以不同,例如,全身麻醉或通过椎管内/外周区域麻醉技术;以及药物和非药物相结合治疗。

根据影响疼痛发生和途径的机制,多方式策略有助于实现更好的缓解疼痛,同时可降低阿片类药物的使用剂量和减少潜在的不利影响。

指南中也提到了推荐个性化治疗的关键性,在所有患者中,都使用同样的镇痛策略是不理想的。例如,在手术前已经给予了长期阿片类药物治疗的患者,那对于这部分病人的镇痛策略与不使用阿片类药物治疗就会不相同。

该指南由23名专家组织编写,分别代表麻醉科、疼痛科、外科、护理和其他医学专业。专家组审阅了超过6500份的科学摘要和初步研究的相关资料。

专家组指出指南中的每一项建议都有强、中、弱质量的科学证据作为基础支持。在这32项建议中,只有4项得到了高质量的证据支持,而11项建议是基于低质量的证据。

除了使用多模式治疗疼痛,还有3项强有力的高质量的证据推荐:

(1)成人和儿童术后疼痛使用对乙酰氨基酚和/或非甾体类抗炎药作为联合镇痛管理时无禁忌证;

(2)对成人和儿童外科手术部位的外周局部麻醉技术的考虑;

(3)给胸部和腹部手术使用硬膜外麻醉,尤其是有心脏病或长期性肠梗阻的患者。

中质量证据支持的强烈建议:

(1)给予过口服或静脉注射(Ⅳ)阿片类药物的患者,可以使用口服途径;

(2)受管制的镇痛药应避免肌肉注射;

(3)当需要肠外给药途径时,可选择静脉病人自控镇痛(PCA);

(4)在成人阿片类药物使用中,静脉病人自控镇痛时,禁止将阿片类药物作为常规基础输液;

(5)成人术前口服塞来考昔无禁忌证的考虑;

(6)考虑加巴喷丁或普瑞巴林作为联合镇痛成分;

(7)在包皮环切术前神经阻滞术前联合应用局部镇痛药;

(8)开胸手术后避免使用胸腔内局部注射麻醉药来止痛;

(9)需要一次注射就达到超长持续镇痛的效果,可使用连续的、局部的外周区域性镇痛技术;

(10)避免椎管内使用苯二氮卓类,新斯的明,曲马多和氯胺酮。

尽管是低质量的证据的支持,但专家小组还是强烈建议临床医生:

(1)进行含有治疗方案信息的患者教育;

(2)进行术前评估,包括医疗、精神疾病、药物治疗史、慢性疼痛史及药物滥用;

(3)在确切缓解疼痛的基础上可调整疼痛管理计划,记录发生的不良事件;

(4)使用有效的疼痛评估工具跟踪患者对术后疼痛治疗的反应,并据此调整治疗方案;

(5)适当监测使用阿片受体药物患者的睡眠状态、呼吸情况和其他不良事件;

(6)适当监测围术期镇痛接受神经介入治疗的患者。

专家组发现,作为其他术后疼痛的辅助治疗,没有足够的证据来推荐或劝阻针灸、按摩、冷疗法。专家组还有一个“弱”推荐,临床医生可适当考虑经皮神经电刺激来镇痛。

随着越来越多的新技术用于治疗术后疼痛的证据,重要的是将这些技术应用到目前的实践中,以提高术后疼痛的管理。APS以前在管理上没有对术后疼痛及承认给出指引,在这个重要区域的循证指南可能有助于提高临床实践。

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    2016-09-14 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章不错,值得拜读

    0

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    2016-06-06 inter158

    写的很中肯

    0

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    2016-05-11 1de304d2m86(暂无匿称)

    了解了一下

    0

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