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世卫组织发布首份抗生素耐药细菌清单(附名单)

2017-03-01 佚名 医谷

近日,世界卫生组织(WHO)发表了首份抗生素耐药“重点病原体”清单,列出了对人类健康构成最大威胁的12种细菌种族目录,以指导和促进新型抗生素的研究与开发。



近日,世界卫生组织(WHO)发表了首份抗生素耐药“重点病原体”清单,列出了对人类健康构成最大威胁的12种细菌种族目录,以指导和促进新型抗生素的研究与开发。


此份清单中,特别强调了对多种抗生素存有耐药的革兰氏阴性细菌的威胁性问题,这些细菌具有寻找新方法抵抗治疗的内在能力,并且还可以传递使其它细菌产生耐药的遗传物质。

根据对新型抗生素的迫切需求程度,世卫组织将清单分为三个类别,即极为重要、十分重要和中等重要。其中,最为重要的一组包括耐多药细菌。这些细菌对于医院、养老院以及需要使用呼吸机和血液导管等装置进行护理的患者带来了直接威胁,可引起严重甚至致命的感染,如血流感染和肺炎。它们包括不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属和各种肠杆菌科(包括克雷伯氏菌属、大肠杆菌、沙雷氏菌属和变形杆菌属)。这些细菌已经对大量抗生素产生了耐药性,包括碳青霉烯类和第三代头孢菌素类药物——用于治疗耐多药细菌的最佳可用抗生素。

清单中的第二和第三个层级为“十分重要”和“中等重要”类别,包括其他一些日益出现耐药并引起更常见疾病的细菌,例如淋病和由沙门氏菌引起的食物中毒。

此外,结核病对传统治疗方法的耐药性近年来一直呈增长之势,世卫组织已将其归入其他专门规划工作目标,因此没有列入这份清单,同时也没有将甲型和乙型链球菌和衣原体等其它细菌纳入其中,因为这类细菌对现有治疗办法的耐药程度较低,且目前不会带来公共卫生重大威胁。

据了解,这份清单是世卫组织与德国蒂宾根大学传染病处合作开发完成的,使用的是经过国际专家审查的一组多标准决策分析技术。病原体的选择参照标准包括:所引起感染的致命程度;是否需要长期住院治疗;接触现有抗生素时出现耐药的频次;在动物之间、从动物到人以及人与人传播的容易程度;是否可以预防;还剩多少治疗选用方案;是否已有新的抗生素治疗方法处于研发过程中。

世卫组织卫生系统和创新助理总干事Marie-Paule Kieny博士表示:“这份清单是用来确保研发工作面向公共卫生紧急需求的新工具,抗生素耐药性问题日趋严重,我们的治疗选用办法正在快速耗尽。如果仅仅依靠市场力量来解决问题,我们最迫切需要的新型抗生素将不会得到及时开发。”

世卫组织同时指出,虽然更多的研发努力至关重要,但仅仅靠此并不能解决问题。为了解决耐药性问题,还必须更好地预防感染并在人间和动物中间适当使用现有抗生素,以及合理使用将来开发出来的任何新型抗生素。

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