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Diabetologia :糖尿病状态改变脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2对主要冠状动脉事件的长期影响

2021-11-16 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(LP-PLA2)与心血管健康和预后相关联,独立于低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-c)等传统危险因素,在最有可能从抑制LP-PLA2中获益的人是那些高活动度和2型糖尿病的人。

    脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(LP-PLA2)与血管健康和预后相关联,独立于低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-c)等传统危险因素,在19年前由苏格兰西部的冠心病预防研究首次确立。从那时起,几项研究重复了这一发现,LP-PLA2被确定为预防冠状动脉事件的可行药物靶点。冠状动脉事件是由动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂引起的,而动脉粥样硬化冠状动脉病变形成的关键步骤是低密度脂蛋白颗粒的积聚和氧化。绝大多数Lp-PLA2在血液循环时与LDL-c颗粒结合,较小比例与HDL-c颗粒结合。体外研究表明,LDL-c的增加会导致LP-PLA2的上调,这表明它们在血浆中的调节是密切相关的,即使它们的生物合成是独立的。因此,假设抑制该酶应该具有独立于降胆固醇疗法的心脏保护作用。然而,第一种LP-PLA2抑制剂Darapladib的试验没有成功。在慢性心脏病患者中启动Darapladib治疗(稳定性)试验来稳定动脉粥样硬化斑块并没有达到主要不良心血管事件(MACE)的主要结果,尽管Darapladib(SB-480848)确实将主要冠状动脉事件次要终点的风险降低了10%(HR0.90[95%CI0.82,1.00])。这些终点的不同之处在于MACE中包括缺血性卒中

   在Thompson等人的荟萃分析中总结,观察性研究未能找到LP-PLA2活性与缺血性中风之间关系的证据。使用Darapladib心肌梗死溶栓疗法稳定斑块52(Solid-TIMI 52)试验发现,Darapladib不能降低经历过急性冠状动脉事件的个体发生MCE的风险。因此,使该药物进入临床使用的努力停止了。然而,LP-PLA2仍然是缺血性事件的一个重要且至关重要的独立危险因素,在糖尿病视网膜病变的发展中还有另外一个假设作用。然而,目前它不是任何缺血性事件的临床风险评分的一部分。糖尿病是心血管疾病的一个公认的危险因素。然而,在人类中从未研究过2型糖尿病状态和LpPLA2活性在确定心血管风险方面的相互作用。在临床前数据中,在2型糖尿病猪动脉粥样硬化模型中,达拉普拉迪治疗可以减少冠状动脉粥样硬化。6号染色体上的PLA2G7基因编码LP-PLA2蛋白。最近的研究表明,与非糖尿病患者相比,2型糖尿病患者的脂肪组织具有更高水平的PLA2G7基因表达。这表明糖尿病状态和Lp-PLA2活性之间可能存在潜在的相互作用。与高LpPLA2活性相关的炎症途径可以通过血糖控制来改变,这也与炎症有已知的关系。因此,Lp-PLA2和血糖异常可协同增加动脉粥样硬化斑块的不稳定性。这项研究在一项大型回顾性队列研究中检验糖尿病状态是否改变了LP-PLA2活性和心血管结局之间的关系。从观察中产生的假设在稳定性试验的后期分析中得到了检验。

   发现分析是在苏格兰泰赛德(GoDARTS)队列的糖尿病遗传学审计和研究中进行的。GoDARTS是一项观察性队列研究,对16838名同意参加研究的参与者进行了记录相关的医疗和处方史。该研究的伦理批准由泰赛德医学伦理委员会(REF:053/04)提供,并且该研究已根据赫尔辛基宣言进行。在患有2型糖尿病(n=7420)的个体中测量Lp-PLA2活性,并且在该组中进行该研究。稳定性试验经国家监管机构和当地伦理委员会或机构审查委员会根据当地有关法规批准。对于这项研究,通过稳定性试验的二次分析(注册号:NCT00799903)寻求复制,其中15828个人被随机分配接受Lp-PLA2抑制剂(darapladib)或安慰剂。检查了Lp-PLA2活性对试验的预后/安慰剂治疗组中MCE的影响。在完整的试验人群中检查了Lp-PLA2抑制(darapladib疗法)对MCE的影响。在GoDARTS队列和稳定性试验中均进行了回顾性队列分析。

   在两个研究人群中采用了回顾性队列研究设计。受试者按2型糖尿病控制状况进行分类:控制不良(糖化血红蛋白≥<48mmolmol或≥6.5%)和控制良好(糖化血红蛋白<48mmolmol或<6.5%)糖尿病(n=7420)。在通过启动LP-PLA2抑制剂(Darapladib)疗效的Darapladib疗法(稳定性)试验来稳定动脉粥样硬化斑块的第二次分析中,15828名参与者根据招募时的2型糖尿病诊断状况(糖尿病或非糖尿病)进行了分层。然后,LP-PLA2活性被划分为群体特有的四分位数。MCE是从GoDARTS中链接的病历和稳定性试验记录中确定的。首先,在GoDARTS中探讨糖尿病控制状况和Lp-PLA2活性对MCE结局的交互作用。在服用安慰剂的稳定组中也有同样的效果。然后在糖尿病状态分层的模型中检测LP-PLA2对MCE的影响。这有助于确定风险较高的参与者。最后,对高危人群进行Lp-PLA2抑制作用的稳定性评价。校正混杂因素的Cox比例风险模型用于评估相关性。

    在GoDARTS中,Lp-PLA_2活性增加(连续和四分位数)与糖尿病控制状态之间存在显著的交互作用(p<0.0001)。这些效应在安慰剂组的稳定性中也得到了复制(p<0.0001)。在GoDARTS中,分层分析显示,在糖尿病控制不良的个体中,与Lp-PLA2活性低(Q1-3)的个体相比,(Q4)Lp-PLA2活性高的个体发生MCE的危险性为1.19(95%CI1.11,1.38;p<0.0001);与活动最低的个体(Q1)相比,Lp-PLA2活性低的个体(Q1)患MCE的危险性分别为1.35(95%CI1.16,1.57;p<0.0001)。

表1 GoDARTS研究队列和稳定性试验的基线特征

 

 

表2  基于Lp-PLA2活性和GoDARTS中糖尿病状态的分层危险组中的危险(图1)

 

 

图1    GoDARTS研究:GoDARTS中所有风险组的演示。高Lp-PLA2活性与低Lp-PLA2活性(Q4与Q1-3)和糖尿病控制状态。(A)糖尿病控制状况与高Lp-PLA2活性与低Lp-PLA2活性之间的相关性显著(z=3。80,p<0.0001,HR1.07[95%CI1.04,1.13]。(B)糖尿病控制不佳的参与者的分层效应。Lp-PLA2在最高四分位数(Q4)的活性与Q1-3的活性相比,与MCE风险的1.19倍相关(95%CI为1.07,1.33),p<0。0 0 1。(C)在糖尿病控制良好的参与者中,Lp-PLA2活性在最高四分位数与低四分位数(HR 1.04[95%CI 0.86,1.27])之间的MCE风险没有显著差异(HR 1.04[95%CI 0.86,1.27])p=0.69。完整型号见表2。2型糖尿病

 

结果表明,最有可能从抑制LP-PLA2中获益的人是那些高活动度和2型糖尿病的人。然而,尽管没有得到试验数据的支持,但在糖尿病人群中,那些具有中等水平的LP-PLA2活性的人也可能受益于LP-PLA2的抑制。然而,需要进一步设计适当的随机对照试验来确定这一点。目前,还不可能确定潜在的治疗相互作用是否实际上是Lp-PLA2所特有的,因为这种效果可能与2型糖尿病参与者增加的绝对风险有关。达拉普拉迪对糖尿病和高Lp-PLA2活性患者有益的假设需要在一项新的前瞻性随机对照试验中进行验证。一项旨在分析不同血糖控制阈值对Lp-PLA2活性、抑制和心血管结果风险之间关系的试验将是有价值的。这将使向最有可能从中受益的人提供精确的预防性护理成为可能。

 

文献来源:Siddiqui MK,  Smith G,  St Jean P,Diabetes status modifies the long-term effect of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 on major coronary events,Diabetologia 2021 Sep 25;

 

 

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