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失血过多时,雌性激素能救命

2015-11-12 佚名 煎蛋

阿拉巴马大学伯明翰分校的研究人员们发现雌性激素或许能拯救失血达60%的受伤士兵和失血患者,这是一项突破性的发现。阿拉巴马大学伯明翰分校外科研究中心的主任Irshan Chaudry花了十九年时间来做这个敏感性研究,最近美国国防部与Chaudry签订价值一千万美元的合同,准备开始对合成雌激素(也被称作E2)进行人体临床安全试验。 战场上士兵死亡的主要原因是伤口失血过多无法得到处理,而在许多情况下本

阿拉巴马大学伯明翰分校的研究人员们发现雌性激素或许能拯救失血达60%的受伤士兵和失血患者,这是一项突破性的发现。阿拉巴马大学伯明翰分校外科研究中心的主任Irshan Chaudry花了十九年时间来做这个敏感性研究,最近美国国防部与Chaudry签订价值一千万美元的合同,准备开始对合成雌激素(也被称作E2)进行人体临床安全试验。

战场上士兵死亡的主要原因是伤口失血过多无法得到处理,而在许多情况下本来可以避免这样的事情。事实上,在2001-2011年期间,美国死在战斗中的士兵百分之八十死于可预防的失血和败血症。通常情况下,士兵受伤时身处的位置使得他们无法被迅速送往战地医院,导致医护人员治疗他们的时间大大减少。

Chaudry表示:“黄金处理时期是受伤后的一小时内。耽误的时间越长,影响越严重。”而处理的目的是为了确保士兵有命撑到战地医院。

一个人或者动物失血的时候,他们纤细的血管会崩溃,导致组织缺氧。如果这种情况没有得到改善,那么细胞就会逐渐死亡,器官罢工最终导致人或者动物丧生。Chaudry说:“我们能做的只有防止这种微循环减少。人体失血后就像一片沼泽地,我们要找的就是能把它变成小溪的东西。”

是什么令雌激素成为能拯救生命的荷尔蒙?令人惊讶的是,不论男女,人体每个细胞的线粒体中都有雌激素受体。Chaudry表示:“当雌激素受体被激活时,它们会产生更多ATP(细胞内的'能量货币')。而我们因受伤而失血时,细胞产生的ATP就会减少。”

1997年,Chaudry和他的合作者Rene Zellweger偶然之下发现了雌激素能增强免疫力和心血管功能。当时他们正在利用小白鼠来研究创伤出血患者遭受的感染症,由于雌性小白鼠体内的激素波动过大,因此Zellweger打算采用雄性小白鼠进行研究,但供应商意外给他们送来了雌性小白鼠。Chaudry将错就错地进行研究,结果他们发现雌性小白鼠对抗感染(这里指败血症)的能力比Chaudry预料中的更强。

Chaudry在兴奋之下订购了更多雌性小白鼠并重复了这一实验。第二次,实验失败了。他思索之后才意识到两批小白鼠处于不同阶段,第一批对抗感染能力强的雌性小白鼠在做实验时正好处于生理周期,而它们排卵之前体内的雌激素含量达到巅峰。

接下来,他们在失血的病人身上测试E2,发现E2能显著提高失血量高达百分之六十的病人的心血管和肝脏功能;而其中的原理在于它能扩张血管,让组织和血管之间的液体能更加有效地流动。它还能减少病人体内的炎性细胞因子,将病人的死亡或器官衰竭时间延缓3个小时。

2005年,美国国防部高级研究计划局(DARPA)举办一场竞赛,希望能找到能让士兵在严重失血的情况下多活3个小时的方法。Chaudry和他的研究小组站了出来。他们利用环糊精将E2微胶囊化,以便让它更溶于水。

从那以后,Chaudry的合成雌激素在DARPA的帮助下变身成为EE-3-SO4(ethinyl estradiol-3-sulfate)。一剂这样的药物能将老鼠和马的死亡延缓6个小时。Chaudry说:“人们遭受外伤后会出现水肿,因此如果我们能够将引起水肿的液体引回血液循环中,那么我们就能将病人或动物的身体维持在允许性低血压状态,足以维持他们的生命。”

与此同时,EE-3-SO4也可能对脑外伤患者有效。在研究中,雌激素还能减少水肿,增加大脑血流量并减少死亡的脑细胞。

但以上两种雌激素的变异体也许都能运用到无法立即到达医院的普通人身上。

Chaudry最近正在等待FDA的认可,他有信心在一年内得到FDA批准,在一年内开始人体试验。他希望以后所有的急救车上都能携带雌激素,毕竟有备无患。 

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    2015-11-14 daviiliu
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    2015-11-13 KO229256262

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