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Cell Rep │ 史隽课题组揭示3个全新的HDAC4酶活性底物及其在肌肉萎缩症中的重要作用

2019-10-16 佚名 BioArt

组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC, histone deacetylase)是癌症药物研发领域的热点。在人类中存在18种不同的HDAC,可以进一步细分为4类:I类HDAC(HDAC1、2、3和8)主要存在于细胞核中,主要功能是给组蛋白脱乙酰基。II类HDAC进一步分为:IIa类(HDAC4、5、7和9)和IIb类(HDAC6和10)。IV类HDAC11仅在脑,肾和睾丸中表达。III类HDAC与酵母蛋白S

组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC, histone deacetylase)是癌症药物研发领域的热点。在人类中存在18种不同的HDAC,可以进一步细分为4类:I类HDAC(HDAC1、2、3和8)主要存在于细胞核中,主要功能是给组蛋白脱乙酰基。II类HDAC进一步分为:IIa类(HDAC4、5、7和9)和IIb类(HDAC6和10)。IV类HDAC11仅在脑,肾和睾丸中表达。III类HDAC与酵母蛋白SIR2相关,使用NAD+而不是常用的酶促共激活剂Zn2+。

与传统的I类HDAC不同,II类HDAC并不是组蛋白脱乙酰基酶。这类HDAC的酶活性区的一个重要氨基酸——酪氨酸(tyrosine)被组氨酸(histidine)取代,因而针对组蛋白的脱乙酰基酶活性比I类HDAC低1000多倍。因此,II类HDAC被普遍认为并不是一个有活性的酶,而是一个结构蛋白,通过结合其他蛋白起作用。一个流行的理论是,II类HDAC可以识别特定氨基酸序列里赖氨酸(lysine)的乙酰基修饰,结合上以后可以招募别的蛋白,比如I类HDAC中的HDAC3。HDAC3可以提供II类HDAC缺失的去乙酰基酶活性,并且还可以继续结合NCoR/SMRT转录共抑制复合物,从而影响基因转录。另一个主要理论是,II类HDAC可以结合一些转录因子(例如myocyte enhancer factor 2, MEF2),从而抑制这些转录因子调控的基因转录。然而只是因为II类HDAC对组蛋白的酶活性很低,就认为II类HDAC没有酶活性的推论是不严谨的。质谱分析全细胞蛋白的乙酰基修饰发现有很多蛋白质都可以被乙酰基化。这些蛋白质不仅仅包括细胞核内的蛋白,还包括细胞质和线粒体里的蛋白等。另外,细菌并没有组蛋白,但是在细菌里,也发现有很多蛋白可以被乙酰基修饰。这些证据都暗示了II类HDAC很有可能还是有酶活性的,底物是与组蛋白不同的其他蛋白质。一个很好的例子就是IIb类HDAC6的底物之一是细胞质中的微管蛋白。然而到目前为止,只有很少的IIa类HDAC的底物被发现,大部分还是通过过表达的方法证明的,并不一定是正常的生理环境下的真正的底物。

HDAC4属于IIa类HDAC,在小鼠骨骼肌中,对多种诱导肌肉萎缩的刺激反应后,HDAC4的表达量会增加。在因为衰老而引起的肌肉萎缩症中,HDAC4在人类或者小鼠肌肉中的表达量也会增加。HDAC4全身敲除 (constitutive whole body knockout) 的小鼠在出生以后很快因为骨骼发育异常而死亡。组织性特异的HDAC4基因敲除的小鼠的数据显示HDAC4在正常的生理环境下不是必须的,但是在压力或者生病的环境下,它会有新的功能。因此,进一步了解疾病状态下HDAC4的分子靶标可能会开辟新的治疗选择。

2019年10月15日,诺华制药公司美国研发中心的史隽课题组在Cell Reports发表题为HDAC4 Controls Muscle Homeostasis through Deacetylation of Myosin Heavy Chain, PGC-1α, and Hsc70的文章,通过新研发的强效的IIa类HDAC特异的小分子抑制剂,结合基因敲除的手段,发现了三个全新的HDAC4酶底物:肌球蛋白重链 (myosin heavy chain isoforms,MyHC),PGC-1α和热激蛋白70 (Hsc70),同时还分析了HDAC4催化这些底物的生理学意义。

以前的很多针对IIa类HDAC的研究大部分是通过抑制基因表达的方法来实现的。但是基因不表达,导致整个蛋白表达减少,并不能区分这类蛋白作为酶或者是结构性蛋白的功能。而目前发表的广谱的HDAC酶活性的小分子抑制剂,例如TSA, vorinostat (也叫SAHA), 其实都只能抑制I类HDAC,对IIa类HDAC基本没有活性。一个由Tempero Pharmaceuticals开发的叫做叫TMP195的小分子,算是针对IIa类HDAC比较特异的小分子抑制剂,但是它对IIa类HDAC的EC50大约在0.2 μM左右,活性并不很高。为了能够更好的研究IIa类HDAC的功能,诺华公司研发出一个新颖的IIa类HDAC抑制剂 -- NVS-HD1,非常强效,EC50 < 1nM。NVS-HD1的选择性也很强,对于I类HDAC的EC50 都超过了1 μM。另外的两个小分子,NVS-HD2和NVS-HD3是同系列化合物的早期的抑制剂。使用这些特异的IIa类HDAC抑制剂,结合传统的基因knockdown 或者knockout,史隽课题组找到了三个HDAC4 (也可能是别的IIa类HDAC) 的底物。

HDAC4可以去除MyHC上的乙酰基。MyHC是导致肌肉收缩的sarcomere的主要成分。抑制 HDAC4可以增加细胞内MyHC的量,并且在细胞和小鼠中抑制由地塞米松(dexamethasone)和神经缺失引起的MyHC的蛋白质损失。一个2010年的报道认为骨骼肌中HDAC4的敲除可以抑制能降解MyHC的E3泛素连接酶MuRF1的基因转录,从而预防由于去神经引起的肌肉萎缩。而这篇文章揭示了一种不同的机制 -- 直接调控MyHC蛋白。HDAC4过表达会导致MyHC的降解,而酶活性缺失的D840N突变体则不能。即使MuRF1过表达后,IIa类HDAC抑制剂也足以阻止MyHC的降解。因而可能的机理是,HDAC4被抑制后,MyHC上的赖氨酸被乙酰化,所以不能被MuRF1加上泛素,也就不会被泛素蛋白体系统降解。MyHC是骨骼肌中的重要蛋白,保持MyHC的蛋白量就可以预防肌肉萎缩,并且保持肌肉收缩功能。

相似的机理也适用于HDAC4的另一个底物 -- PGC-1α。在肌肉特异性PGC-1α转基因小鼠中,PGC-1α的mRNA增加了 > 10倍,而蛋白质仅增加?3倍,部分原因是PGC-1α会被很快降解(t1/2?15分钟)。NVS-HD1不仅可以在细胞中而且可以在大鼠中增加PGC-1α蛋白水平,却不显着影响PGC-1α mRNA水平。NVS-HD1增加的PGC-1α蛋白质的量也是?3倍,和转基因小鼠类似。在失神经的小鼠肌肉中,即使PGC-1α mRNA水平明显降低,HDAC4敲除或IIa类HDAC抑制剂也能阻止PGC-1α蛋白的减少。抑制所有的 IIa类HDAC比单独的HDAC4缺失效果更明显,与细胞内观察到的PGC-1α可以和所有的IIa类HDAC(I类HDAC不行)直接结合的结果相符合,暗示了IIa类HDAC之间可以互补作用。PGC-1α是代谢和线粒体产生通路中的重要转录共激活因子。过表达PGC-1α的小鼠表现出改善的线粒体功能,类似于运动后的变化。因此NVS-HD1可能在线粒体疾病或者其他代谢疾病中发挥重要的作用。

这篇文章也发现HDAC4可以和Hsc70直接结合,并且可以去掉Hsc70的第128位赖氨酸的乙酰基修饰。当HDAC4的酶活性被抑制以后,乙酰化的Hsc70就不能很好的结合地塞米松的受体。但是只有与Hsc70和Hsp90结合的地塞米松的受体,才是被完全激活的可以结合地塞米松的状态。因而IIa类HDAC抑制剂可以抑制地塞米松和受体结合,从而预防由它引起的肌肉萎缩。Hsc70是许多客户蛋白行使正常功能所必需的分子伴侣,因此其他重要途径也可能受HDAC4的调节。

除此以外,这篇文章还发现HDAC3,MEF2并不能和HDAC4直接结合。IIa类HDAC抑制剂也并没有影响MEF2调控的基因的表达。以前提出的IIa类HDAC作为结构性蛋白的工作机理似乎在骨骼肌中并不正确。

原始出处:
M.Cadena1,JiangZhu1,ChikwenduIbebunjo1,et al.HDAC4 Controls Muscle Homeostasis through Deacetylation of Myosin Heavy Chain, PGC-1α, and Hsc70Author links open overlay panel.ce11 rep.Volume 29, Issue 3, 15 October 2019, Pages 749-763.e12https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.023

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    2020-01-09 维他命
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    2020-03-05 lingaifan
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961747, encodeId=24e41961e4791, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=134, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Thu Jan 09 07:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2003416, encodeId=348f2003416d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=86d585931d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#HDAC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=8593, encryptionId=86d585931d, topicName=HDAC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e07307, createdName=lingaifan, createdTime=Thu Mar 05 07:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871461, encodeId=ee2b18e1461ec, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Apr 26 05:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-04-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1695908, encodeId=bde2169590814, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=03b98809697' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#萎缩#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88096, encryptionId=03b98809697, topicName=萎缩)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=53fc29868494, createdName=chendoc252, createdTime=Fri Sep 18 10:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2023540, encodeId=21182023540bc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57ce9605ef6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重要作用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96057, encryptionId=57ce9605ef6, topicName=重要作用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8e4c53, createdName=jiyangfei, createdTime=Thu Jan 16 05:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1584184, encodeId=4578158418448, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f3308101eee' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肌肉萎缩#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81017, encryptionId=f3308101eee, topicName=肌肉萎缩)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=177b17012429, createdName=12498ebem24暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Oct 18 04:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1614085, encodeId=7492161408551, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b05281019f8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肌肉萎缩症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81019, encryptionId=b05281019f8, topicName=肌肉萎缩症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c28719479710, createdName=12498768m19(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Oct 18 04:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-09-18 chendoc252
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  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961747, encodeId=24e41961e4791, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=134, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Thu Jan 09 07:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2003416, encodeId=348f2003416d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=86d585931d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#HDAC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=94, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=8593, encryptionId=86d585931d, topicName=HDAC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e07307, createdName=lingaifan, createdTime=Thu Mar 05 07:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871461, encodeId=ee2b18e1461ec, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=123, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Apr 26 05:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-04-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1695908, encodeId=bde2169590814, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=03b98809697' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#萎缩#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=88096, encryptionId=03b98809697, topicName=萎缩)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=53fc29868494, createdName=chendoc252, createdTime=Fri Sep 18 10:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2023540, encodeId=21182023540bc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57ce9605ef6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重要作用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=122, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96057, encryptionId=57ce9605ef6, topicName=重要作用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8e4c53, createdName=jiyangfei, createdTime=Thu Jan 16 05:07:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1584184, encodeId=4578158418448, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f3308101eee' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肌肉萎缩#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81017, encryptionId=f3308101eee, topicName=肌肉萎缩)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=177b17012429, createdName=12498ebem24暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Oct 18 04:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1614085, encodeId=7492161408551, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b05281019f8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肌肉萎缩症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81019, encryptionId=b05281019f8, topicName=肌肉萎缩症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c28719479710, createdName=12498768m19(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Oct 18 04:07:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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