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肝血管肌纤维母细胞瘤1例

2019-10-11 王颖 陈瑞 刘海涛 中国中西医结合影像学杂志

女,64岁,腹部胀痛半月余,加重1d。高血压病史10余年,胆囊炎病史2年。胃溃疡、反流性食管炎、浅表性胃炎病史2年,否认糖尿病病史,否认肝炎、结核等传染病病史。专科检查:腹肌紧张,右上腹部及脐周压痛(+)、反跳痛(±),肝区叩痛(±),莫菲氏征(-)。

女,64岁,腹部胀痛半月余,加重1d。高血压病史10余年,胆囊炎病史2年。溃疡、反流性食管炎、浅表性炎病史2年,否认糖尿病病史,否认肝炎、结核等传染病病史。专科检查:腹肌紧张,右上腹部及脐周压痛(+)、反跳痛(±),肝区叩痛(±),莫菲氏征(-)。
 
实验室检查:WBC7.6×109/L,中性粒细胞百分比72.8%,唾液酸(TSA)451mg/L。CT检查:肝右叶包膜下可见稍低密度影,边界不清,增强扫描与肝实质相比均呈低密度,边缘呈渐进性轻度强化(图1,2);病变周围可见囊性水样低密度,增强扫描未见强化。MRI检查:肝右叶边缘S6、S7段交界处可见一类椭圆形实性结节,边界模糊,大小2.6 cm×1.9 cm×2.3 cm,邻近肝包膜轻度皱缩,肝周间隙可见少许水样信号,病变呈稍长T1、不均匀稍长T2信号,DWI上边缘呈稍高信号,增强扫描边缘部分呈渐进性延迟强化(图3~5);病变周围可见囊性水样信号,增强扫描未强化。影像诊断考虑肝内胆管细胞癌,肝囊肿。





图1CT平扫示肝右叶低密度病灶,边界模糊;图2CT增强扫描示病变边缘轻度强化;图3T2WI病变呈不均匀稍高信号;图4DWI病变边缘呈稍高信号;图5增强扫描延迟7min病灶边缘明显强化
 
手术所见:(肝右叶占位性病变)部分肝组织,大小11 cm×8 cm×3.5 cm,切开切面灰红色,质软,于一侧见一肿物,大小5 cm×3 cm×3 cm,局部灰白色,大小5.0 cm×2.5 cm×2.0 cm,局部囊性变,大小2.5 cm×2.0 cm×1.0 cm,内含灰红色血性物,其余肝组织切面灰红色、质中。冰冻后石蜡诊断:(肝右叶占位性病变)肝囊肿,囊肿周围部分壁内纤维血管组织增生伴胶原变性,周围可见增生的粗大血管,倾向于良性病变,结合免疫组化符合血管肌纤维母细胞瘤(angiomyofibroblastoma,AMF)诊断(图6)。免疫组织化学染色:Ki-67(个别细胞+),CK(AE1/AE3)(-),CD34(血管+),ER(-),SMA(+),Desmin(-)。



图6 镜下见纤维血管组织增生伴胶原变性,周围可见增生的粗大血管(HE×200)
 
讨论:
 
AMF是一种少见的软组织良性肿瘤,由Fletcher等在1992年首先报道和描述,国内外报道仅百余例;好发于中青年女性外阴和生殖道,少数发生于男性会阴、阴囊和精索等处,发生于胸腔、腹腔、盆腔和肌肉罕见;发病年龄17~86岁,平均45岁;临床上易误诊为巴氏腺囊肿,治疗以手术切除为主,术后不易复发,需长期随访。AMF起源可能由于局部损伤、炎症刺激,使血管内皮周围未分化多潜能干细胞向肌纤维母细胞分化,导致肌纤维母细胞异常增殖,因好发女性生殖部位,其发生发展可能受雌激素的调节。
 
病理可见大量黏液水肿背景,富含簇状分布的薄壁血管,肌纤维母细胞由交替分布的细胞密集区和细胞稀疏区组成,此为其特征,少数病灶中含有脂肪成分。AMF缺乏影像学特征,超声示内部回声以低回声为主,间以部分散在点状或短棒状强回声,CDFI示星点状分布血流信号。也有报道其呈偏强回声团,内呈蜂窝状改变,CDFI示血流信号丰富,可能由于其富含海绵状血管有关。
 
李成明报道1例肝内AMF,CT平扫表现为椭圆形不均匀低密度影,增强扫描示动脉期病变无强化,门静脉期病变呈海绵状明显强化,延时扫描病灶大部分呈等密度。本例CT平扫表现为低密度,增强扫描与肝实质相比均呈低密度,边缘可见轻度强化,可能与个体差异或延迟时间不足有关。文献报道,肿瘤在T1WI上呈低或等信号,T2WI上呈高信号,增强扫描明显强化,且强化较持续。本例T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI呈不均匀稍高信号,增强扫描呈渐进性持续强化,以边缘强化为著,与文献报道大致相符。术前本例误诊为肝内胆管细胞癌,后者好发于老年女性,常表现为肝内边缘不清的低密度肿块,肿块周围可见胆管扩张,增强扫描动脉期强化不明显或不均匀轻度强化,随时间延长肿瘤强化程度逐渐增加,分析误诊原因可能为DWI上病变信号不高或稍高,肿瘤标记物CA19-9无明显升高。
 
由于本例AMF表现为边缘渐进性强化,还需与肝内其他病变,如血管瘤、肝脓肿、转移瘤等鉴别:①血管瘤表现为动脉期边缘结节样强化,强化程度与血管相近,门脉期对比剂向心性填充,延迟期高于或等于周围肝实质,呈“快进慢出”的典型表现。②肝脓肿临床常表现为发热、WBC升高、肝区疼痛,CT表现为肝内低密度病灶,有时可见气液平面,脓肿壁呈环形强化,周围常见异常灌注,脓腔DWI高信号可鉴别。③转移瘤多表现为肝内单发或多发瘤灶,增强扫描呈牛眼征、环靶征,此外还可有原发瘤或其他部位转移表现。
 
总之,AMF是一种少见的良性肿瘤,发生于肝内罕见,临床及影像学表现无特异性,确诊需病理学检查。
 
原始出处:

王颖,陈瑞,刘海涛.肝血管肌纤维母细胞瘤1例[J].中国中西医结合影像学杂志,2018(03):326-327.

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    2020-01-25 okhuali
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