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Nat Genet:化疗引发基因突变?癌症治疗毒副作用关键机制首次揭秘!

2019-11-22 Paris 转化医学网

导语:一直以来,诸多关于癌症的研究都是围绕基因突变如何导致癌症而展开,却鲜有关于癌症治疗导致基因突变的研究报道,近期,由ICREA研究员、生物医学研究所生物医学基因组学实验室主任、庞培法布拉大学助理教授Núa López-Bigas领导的研究小组首次描述了用于治疗癌症的6种疗法引起的基因改变(5种基于化学疗法的药物和放疗),该研究结果已同步在《自然遗传学》杂志上发表。

导语:一直以来,诸多关于癌症的研究都是围绕基因突变如何导致癌症而展开,却鲜有关于癌症治疗导致基因突变的研究报道,近期,由ICREA研究员、生物医学研究所生物医学基因组学实验室主任、庞培法布拉大学助理教授Núa López-Bigas领导的研究小组首次描述了用于治疗癌症的6种疗法引起的基因改变(5种基于化学疗法的药物和放疗),该研究结果已同步在《自然遗传学》杂志上发表。
 


化学疗法的问世曾一度改变了癌症患者的治疗格局,大大降低了癌症患者的死亡率。在现今的各类癌症治疗技术中,化疗可以说是所有治疗的基石。化疗属全身性治疗方法,它通过阻止癌细胞生长和分裂来发挥作用,由于癌细胞通常比正常细胞生长和分裂速度更快,因此化疗对癌细胞的影响更大。适用于大部分肿瘤,早期、中期、晚期患者均需要化疗,特别是化疗敏感的肿瘤,如淋巴瘤白血病等,能有效延长生存期,甚至能治愈某些癌症。

这是它起效的原因,也成为副作用的来源。

因为我们身体中有很多正常细胞也是在快速生长的,比如头皮下的毛囊细胞,这就是为啥化疗的病人头发都会掉光。负责造血和维持免疫系统的造血干细胞也会被杀死,因此化疗病人的免疫系统会受损。消化道上皮细胞也会被杀死,于是病人严重拉肚子,没有食欲等等。

杀敌一千,自损八百。癌症治疗引起的基因突变可能是某些长期治疗毒副作用的关键原因,例如器官毒性和继发性肿瘤等。然而,由不同化学疗法引起基因突变的风险仍然是未解之谜。研究化疗后机体细胞中发生的DNA突变,是了解这些突变与相关治疗引起的毒副作用之间关系的第一步。

为了进行这项研究,研究人员纳入了大约3500名患者不同类型的转移性肿瘤序列。通过使用生物信息技术,研究人员确定了六种广泛使用的抗癌疗法的突变特征或足迹,包括基于铂类药物产生的已知和新的突变特征以及核苷代谢抑制剂的未知特征。利用这些突变足迹,该研究小组估计了不同疗法对肿瘤突变的影响及其在基因组中引起基因编码和潜在驱动子突变的风险。利用这些突变足迹可以精确评估不同癌症疗法的突变风险,进而了解其长期副作用。

López-Bigas的小组已经能够针对每种疗法(它们的“突变足迹”)在患者的转移性肿瘤中鉴定出特定的突变模式。López-Bigas表示:“一旦确定了这种“足迹”,我们就可以量化由各种化学疗法以及联合治疗引起的DNA突变。”通过破坏肿瘤细胞,同时最大程度地减少患者健康细胞中引起的突变数,来最大化化学疗法的有益效果,该研究也为个体疗法的制定奠定了基础,在化疗疗效最大化和化疗副作用最弱化之间达到平衡是目前最理想的治疗方案,也是我们最终的追求。

原始出处:

Oriol Pich, Ferran Mui?os, Martijn Paul Lolkema, The mutational footprints of cancer therapies. Nature Genetics 18 November 2019

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    2020-07-10 cy0324
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    2020-11-07 canlab
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    2020-01-14 liye789132251
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    2019-11-22 肿肿

    机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要

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