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Cell Metab:华人科学家首次发现「神药」二甲双胍通过调节肠道乳酸菌,控制人体血糖水平

2017-10-30 佚名 奇点网

在奇点糕一系列肠道微生物研究进展的文章下面,常常有读者这样回复:“我以为我是人类,其实不过是一大堆细菌的合体。”这样的论调虽然稍显偏激,但却让奇点糕想起了当年免疫学老师的一句神预言:有什么搞不懂的东西,扔给免疫就好。看来,在肠道微生物上这句话也是适用的。

在奇点糕一系列肠道微生物研究进展的文章下面,常常有读者这样回复:“我以为我是人类,其实不过是一大堆细菌的合体。”这样的论调虽然稍显偏激,但却让奇点糕想起了当年免疫学老师的一句神预言:有什么搞不懂的东西,扔给免疫就好。看来,在肠道微生物上这句话也是适用的。

我命由我?抱歉,这些小家伙们不同意

至少二甲双胍这种降糖药“领袖”,和肠道微生物缘分很深,华人科学家发表的最新研究成果再次证明了这一点。在 10 月 19 日的《细胞 - 代谢》上,林国栋(Tony Lam)教授带领的多伦多大学研究团队首次发现,二甲双胍可以通过调节肠道乳酸菌,影响肠道吸收葡萄糖的重要转运蛋白 SGLT-1,从而控制血糖水平!(一只奇点糕说,也许该建议喝酸奶治疗糖尿病了)

论文通讯作者林国栋教授

久坐不动,大吃特吃,熬夜到天明……奇点糕不客气的说,现代人患 2 型糖尿病有相当一部分真是自寻苦吃。这些不当的生活方式和诱因,伤害的不仅仅是人体,还会打破人体“房客”肠道微生物原有的平衡,这反过来又可能进一步影响人体健康。肠道微生物的平衡真的是很脆弱的,只需要给大鼠喂食 3 天的高脂饮食,就足以把它们的幸福生活搅个天翻地覆。

武侠片里,大侠总会出现在被盗匪袭击的小村庄除暴安良。作为降糖药中江湖地位显赫的“前辈”,二甲双胍的应用已有数十年,在体内主要聚集在肝脏和小肠,肝脏早已被证明是二甲双胍发挥作用的主要器官,而在肠道这个人体吸收葡萄糖等糖类物质的主要场所,二甲双胍会不会替受到伤害的肠道微生物们伸张正义呢?

二甲双胍已被探索出的功能和机制就足够令人眼花缭乱

此前奇点糕曾给大家介绍过,肠道微生物也参与了二甲双胍的降糖作用:《自然》子刊:科学家发现「神药」二甲双胍降糖新机制,肠道微生物竟是重要一环! | 临床大发现,但这还远不足以彻底阐明二甲双胍在肠道发挥的作用,且过往的研究也鲜有关注小肠上段的作用,但有学者对服用二甲双胍的患者进行组织活检后发现,二甲双胍在小肠上段的浓度是血液中的 30-300 倍,而小肠上段正是吸收葡萄糖和血糖调控的关键场所,显然二甲双胍不是来策马一游,而是来惩恶扬善的。

小肠上段对血糖水平存在着多种调节机制,其中,小肠粘膜上的钠 - 葡萄糖共转运载体 1(SGLT-1)不仅是吸收葡萄糖的主力军,还是促进胰岛素产生的重要分子 GLP- 1 的分泌和释放必要的参与者,参与这两种过程的 SGLT-1,可以说在小肠的血糖调节中举足轻重。而在本次的研究中,研究人员发现,SGLT- 1 还可以调节肝脏对葡萄糖的合成,从而维持机体血糖水平的稳定。

研究人员在大鼠上进行的试验显示,二甲双胍可以恢复因高脂饮食而下降的 SGLT- 1 表达水平,与此前研究中二甲双胍使 SGLT- 1 的基因表达水平升高 [7] 相符,可以说二甲双胍这是又立一功。

立功了就该受奖,但二甲双胍恢复 SGLT- 1 调节功能的原理此前却一直不明确,这样颁奖词就没法写了。到底是怎么一回事呢?结合近年来二甲双胍对肠道微生物的影响,研究人员猜想,二甲双胍可能是通过对小肠上段微生物的调节,间接恢复了 SGLT- 1 参与的降糖通路,而小肠上段微生物对营养代谢的作用也的确是目前科研界的盲区之一,因此解开这个谜题有着不小的价值。

研究人员对普通大鼠和此前实验中使用的高脂饮食大鼠小肠上段微生物进行了 16S rRNA 测序,发现高脂饮食大鼠乳酸菌的数量明显减少,肠杆菌科、肠球菌科等细菌的数量上升。进行二甲双胍治疗后,乳酸菌数量有所恢复,其他增多的细菌数量再次回落,而此时高脂饮食大鼠的 SGLT- 1 通路就已基本恢复正常,看来小肠上段微生物的确是协助二甲双胍立功的幕后英雄。

高脂饮食(HFD)导致小肠上段乳酸菌减少,克雷伯菌属等微生物增多,而二甲双胍治疗(HFD+MET)可一定程度恢复微生物平衡

为了进一步验证肠道微生物的“英雄事迹”和具体的“受奖名单”,研究人员将经二甲双胍治疗后的高脂饮食大鼠肠道微生物移植到了其他高脂饮食大鼠体内,再进行葡萄糖钳夹试验评估大鼠小肠对血糖水平变化的感知。

真金的确不怕火炼,接受微生物移植后仅仅一天,大鼠的肠道血糖感知能力就得到了恢复,同时体内 GLP- 1 的分泌能力和 SGLT- 1 的基因表达水平也较对照组上升,证实了在二甲双胍的调控下,肠道微生物的确对 SGLT- 1 介导的降糖通路起到恢复作用。对接受移植大鼠进行的菌群分析显示,乳酸菌再次出现了显着的数量增多,看来真正的功臣就是它们了。

二甲双胍→肠道微生物→SGLT-1→血糖调节的通路示意

对肠道微生物调节代谢的研究一直层出不穷,比如曾经相当火的 Akkermansia 菌,但这个庞大的群体里可不仅仅只有一种人类的帮手,二甲双胍就能控制数十种肠道细菌的变化,而具体到分子层面的机制和通路就更加复杂了,甚至有可能是一个全新的世界。研究人员在本次的论文中也表示,由于试验中的高脂饮食诱导时间相对较短,因此进一步的长期试验还可能有更多新的发现。

林国栋教授团队本次的研究成果,阐明了二甲双胍→小肠上段乳酸菌→SGLT- 1 降糖通路的一系列具体机制。看来二甲双胍真的是和肠道微生物剪不断理还乱啊,也许又该推荐服药的糖尿病患者们做做肠道微生物测序了?

原始出处:

Paige V. Bauer, Frank A. Duca, T.M. Zaved Waise, et al. Metformin Alters Upper Small Intestinal Microbiota that Impact a Glucose-SGLT1-Sensing Glucoregulatory Pathway. Cell metabolism, 2017.

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    2018-08-21 维他命
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    2018-08-21 guojianrong
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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1960511, encodeId=416a1960511f8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Aug 21 11:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1887754, encodeId=34eb188e75480, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d56611584ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Meta#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11584, encryptionId=d56611584ec, topicName=Meta)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8f4110, createdName=guojianrong, createdTime=Tue Aug 21 03:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1972035, encodeId=645619e203568, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c0fc89839ff' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血糖水平#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=81, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89839, encryptionId=c0fc89839ff, topicName=血糖水平)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b73f484, createdName=lsj628, createdTime=Sun Oct 14 15:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1870249, encodeId=6d3e18e0249bd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Sep 09 17:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1896180, encodeId=8958189618048, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a391158248' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11582, encryptionId=4a391158248, topicName=MET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Sat May 12 07:46:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1581987, encodeId=0ddf158198e17, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=830c35868ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#华人#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=35868, encryptionId=830c35868ec, topicName=华人)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3f7716881423, createdName=ms4468361851264128, createdTime=Tue Oct 31 22:46:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=257171, encodeId=497d25e17188, content=谢谢.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ad4c106013, createdName=Drhzm308, createdTime=Mon Oct 30 07:54:22 CST 2017, time=2017-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-12 一闲
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    2017-10-30 Drhzm308

    谢谢.学习了

    0

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