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拉维加斯枪击惨案:医院如何抢救危在旦夕的生命

2017-10-05 时占祥 全球医生组织

拉斯韦加斯枪击事件堪称有史以来最为惨烈的一幕:死59人,伤527人。医院在重大枪击事件后如何紧急救援和抢救危在旦夕的生命?我们从中应当领悟什么,防患于未然。

美国年年都有重大枪击事件发生,少则三五人、多则几十人。此次拉斯韦加斯枪击事件堪称有史以来最为惨烈的一幕:死59人,伤527人。

按下细节不谈,看看医院在重大枪击事件后如何紧急救援和抢救危在旦夕的生命?我们从中应当领悟什么,防患于未然。

2012年,科罗拉多大学附属医院被紧急送来23名严重枪伤患者,急救中心立即启动应急团队,按照大型灾难急救程序展开抢救。与此同时,召集预备队医护人员到现场和医院待命,准备更大规模或更凶险事件发生。瞬间,医护人员和后勤保障供给人员全部进入应急预备状态。

美国在全国布局了不同级别的应急医疗中心(Trauma Center)分为三级,即Level-1、2、3。一般讲,2级应急医疗中心的急救医疗水平完全胜任突发事件中大规模遇难者和伤员抢救。

美国各州根据预期情况,制订了《应急医疗预案计划》,希望此次应用的《Southern Neveda Trumua System Plan》原版,请在本微信平台留言。

然而,枪伤与自然灾害救援不同,是瞬间发生且毫无防备。伤者多是生命危在旦夕或大量失血造成危急状况。时间就是生命,分秒必争。这也是对急救医疗预案的考验,是否准备或随时调拨大量血液,紧急手术器械和复苏设备等。

此次拉斯维加斯地区所有医疗机构都启动了紧急救援预案措施。面对527位伤者和59位罹难者,抢救场面之惨烈和保持严格急救程序之重要可想而知的。

毗邻的内华达州医学中心设有Level 1级急救中心,救治了104位伤者;还有30多位伤者在距现场6英里外的独立急救医疗中心得到紧急救治。不幸的是其中4位伤者因伤势过重逝去了。

枪击现场惨况和应急警力。

拉斯维加斯市的Sunrise医院急救中心具有Level 2应急医疗水平。案发后抢救了180多位伤者,完成了30台紧急手术,其中14位伤者不幸遇难。

据该急救中心负责人讲,医院的医生护士、ICU重症监护室医护人员和后勤供给保障人员全部到岗开展抢救工作,没有人脱岗或休假。大家知道这是最关键的24小时、48小时抢救期。

急救中心负责人还说,之所以能做到如此迅速进入紧急抢救程序,与他们平日模拟训练是分不开的。

自从2016年Pulse夜总会发生枪击事件后,急救中心再次强化了应对突发事件的能力培训和物资储备。他们演练在学校、夜总会或任何公共场所的突发事件救援。

他们每天都警示自己可能随时发生突发事件,需要急救手术或现场救援。在急救中心内布局了独立且可扩展的伤员观察区,设置临时病床保障伤者紧急救治和康复。一切以实战为标准。

在历次紧急救援和抢救中,他们的经验和教训是抢救过程中物资供需不对称。因此,必须保障随时调拨和增援医疗物资和手术设备等。特别是枪伤需要紧急手术,甚至决定能否抢救回来一条鲜活的生命。

与紧急救治同样重要的另一环节和经验是对伤者本人或逝者家属的心理安抚和精神疏导。

尽管医护人员已熟知各种惨烈场景和失去亲人的痛苦,但是,对参与抢救的医护人员给予必要心理疏导和安慰同样也是至关重要的。

医护人员参加抢救经历着精神和体力的透支。在他们脑海中留下了强烈的精神刺激。他们也和普通人一样,需要心理安慰和疏导。非典期间和过后的日子里,我们疏忽了这一环节。给医护人员留下了挥之不去的心理阴影。还有一核心问题也越来越凸显,即各类媒体或资讯信息传播造成社会恐慌和误解事件。

此次枪击事件后,美国卫生部立即强调了遵守医疗信息隐私法(HIPAA),要求所有医疗机构和参与抢救的医护人员严格保护个人信息隐私。

遵守HIPAA法规,并非对社会和公众隐匿事件客观真相和必要信息,如伤者和逝者人数等。由于此次枪击事件属于公共卫生重大事件,因此,参与抢救伤员的医院等机构必须小心谨慎,接待各种媒体、家属和亲朋好友等咨询和探访。

获取个人信息和网络媒体分享伤者逝者的信息,必须保障个人信息隐私。这是美国卫生部依据HIPAA法规提出的要求。任何违反信息隐私的行为将被处于100美元至5万美元不等罚款。

这也是值得领悟的内容。否则,各种谣传和误导信息将漫天飞扬,造成社会群情激愤或恐慌。

我们尚未建立在重大公共卫生和突发事件过程中对个人信息保护的监管条例和具体要求。如果今天不做防患于未然,明天必将遗患无穷。

独狼一人、10分钟内造成59人罹难,527人受伤。上图自1982年以来,美国历年重大枪击事件死伤者记录。

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    2017-10-08 蔬菜

    很好的科普文章.非常感谢分享

    0

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    2017-10-07 lfyang
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251243, encodeId=ab132512438b, content=很好的科普文章.非常感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aadd1680584, createdName=蔬菜, createdTime=Sun Oct 08 02:40:04 CST 2017, time=2017-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1471298, encodeId=57e914e12982d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ac13558e9cb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抢救#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55879, encryptionId=ac13558e9cb, topicName=抢救)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=be1a7117101, createdName=lfyang, createdTime=Sat Oct 07 00:33:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=250559, encodeId=9e4325055958, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=353a2047758, createdName=137****9095, createdTime=Thu Oct 05 14:56:04 CST 2017, time=2017-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=250540, encodeId=b735250540b7, content=非常好的内容.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Ne59unJiaEKVBVsw2H5iaLnmLt108lIrJ6YTqVphNiao7iaUJuuRE3xickhLErmQ99C3vF1zsf7DKXibuAQLOMjy7cgqj/0, createdBy=a8102049538, createdName=Medsci0421, createdTime=Thu Oct 05 14:39:28 CST 2017, time=2017-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=250512, encodeId=807d2505121e, content=学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Nd44v3xHnnictn9UpctwtH62EPQ59TMdI9lnqHMgQ16nH7GmGCfpzicsHgjibYVk6vwSpXrC86gMibRkoaIzf5HwSz7/0, createdBy=78cc1691107, createdName=龙胆草, createdTime=Thu Oct 05 10:19:43 CST 2017, time=2017-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-05 137****9095

    henhao

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251243, encodeId=ab132512438b, content=很好的科普文章.非常感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aadd1680584, createdName=蔬菜, createdTime=Sun Oct 08 02:40:04 CST 2017, time=2017-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1471298, encodeId=57e914e12982d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ac13558e9cb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抢救#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55879, encryptionId=ac13558e9cb, topicName=抢救)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=be1a7117101, createdName=lfyang, createdTime=Sat Oct 07 00:33:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=250559, encodeId=9e4325055958, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=353a2047758, createdName=137****9095, createdTime=Thu Oct 05 14:56:04 CST 2017, time=2017-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=250540, encodeId=b735250540b7, content=非常好的内容.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Ne59unJiaEKVBVsw2H5iaLnmLt108lIrJ6YTqVphNiao7iaUJuuRE3xickhLErmQ99C3vF1zsf7DKXibuAQLOMjy7cgqj/0, createdBy=a8102049538, createdName=Medsci0421, createdTime=Thu Oct 05 14:39:28 CST 2017, time=2017-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=250512, encodeId=807d2505121e, content=学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Nd44v3xHnnictn9UpctwtH62EPQ59TMdI9lnqHMgQ16nH7GmGCfpzicsHgjibYVk6vwSpXrC86gMibRkoaIzf5HwSz7/0, createdBy=78cc1691107, createdName=龙胆草, createdTime=Thu Oct 05 10:19:43 CST 2017, time=2017-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-05 Medsci0421

    非常好的内容.谢谢分享

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251243, encodeId=ab132512438b, content=很好的科普文章.非常感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aadd1680584, createdName=蔬菜, createdTime=Sun Oct 08 02:40:04 CST 2017, time=2017-10-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1471298, encodeId=57e914e12982d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ac13558e9cb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抢救#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55879, encryptionId=ac13558e9cb, topicName=抢救)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=be1a7117101, createdName=lfyang, createdTime=Sat Oct 07 00:33:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=250559, encodeId=9e4325055958, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=353a2047758, createdName=137****9095, createdTime=Thu Oct 05 14:56:04 CST 2017, time=2017-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=250540, encodeId=b735250540b7, content=非常好的内容.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Ne59unJiaEKVBVsw2H5iaLnmLt108lIrJ6YTqVphNiao7iaUJuuRE3xickhLErmQ99C3vF1zsf7DKXibuAQLOMjy7cgqj/0, createdBy=a8102049538, createdName=Medsci0421, createdTime=Thu Oct 05 14:39:28 CST 2017, time=2017-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=250512, encodeId=807d2505121e, content=学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Nd44v3xHnnictn9UpctwtH62EPQ59TMdI9lnqHMgQ16nH7GmGCfpzicsHgjibYVk6vwSpXrC86gMibRkoaIzf5HwSz7/0, createdBy=78cc1691107, createdName=龙胆草, createdTime=Thu Oct 05 10:19:43 CST 2017, time=2017-10-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-05 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

    0

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