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琥珀胆碱致成人麻醉后苏醒延迟1例

2019-05-05 刘迁 唐国强 钟丽梅 医药前沿

患者,男性,59岁,身高169 cm,体重60kg。以“喉癌手术后半年,检查发现喉部新生物1+周”入院,入院专科检查患者间接喉镜提示喉体位置正常弹响存在,会厌无红肿,双侧室带无肥厚,声门区呈术后改变,无狭窄,前份可见光滑肉芽状新生物,双侧梨状窝对称、形态结构正常。余耳、鼻、咽部未见明显异常。

1.病例介绍
 
患者,男性,59岁,身高169 cm,体重60kg。以“喉癌手术后半年,检查发现喉部新生物1+周”入院,入院专科检查患者间接喉镜提示喉体位置正常弹响存在,会厌无红肿,双侧室带无肥厚,声门区呈术后改变,无狭窄,前份可见光滑肉芽状新生物,双侧梨状窝对称、形态结构正常。余耳、鼻、咽部未见明显异常。
 
心电图、血常规、电解质、血凝、胸片未见明显异常,半年前于外院行喉癌手术,术后曾行放化疗治疗(具体不详),诊断“喉癌术后、喉部新生物待诊”,于全麻下行支撑喉镜下喉部肿物切除术。入室后开通外周静脉,心电监护BP120/67mmHg,HR81次/分,RR18次/分,spO2 97%。检查患者意识清楚,体型中等,头颈活动度正常,张口度约3横指,喉结稍高,无面部解剖异常,无义齿,无药物过敏史,双肺呼吸音清晰对称。
 
准备完成后,以咪达唑仑2mgiv,芬太尼0.15mgiv琥珀胆碱(司可林)90mgiv,异丙酚100mgiv快速诱导,约2~3分钟后开始喉镜直视插管,插管顺利,插入ID6.5mm加强型气管导管,插管完成后给予3%七氟醚吸入维持并给予瑞芬太尼40ugIv后开始手术,手术顺利,手术时间为10分钟,手术完成后停止所有药物使用,手术结束30min后未观察到患者有自主呼吸,仅有轻微心率增快,考虑患者所用药物为短效药物,术前未发现明显异常,查体双侧瞳孔等大等圆(排查中枢神经系统原因),立即查血气分析,血气分析检查结果正常(排查内环境如CO2低下、电解质紊乱等因素),继续观察(考虑药是否药物代谢异常,由于我院条件有限,所以并未能肌松监测),再次观察30分钟后患者心率增快,血压升高,有微弱呼吸(潮气量仅20ml),给予异丙酚50mgiv后继续控制通气,并重新回顾患者术前情况,仔细翻看患者术前检查时发现胆碱酯酶显示168U/L,正常值为4000~11000U/L(酶法),证实患者有胆碱酯酶低下症。
 
追问家族史未遇见类似疾病。考虑为患者胆碱酯酶低下,导致琥珀胆碱降解缓慢所致,带管送入PACU控制通气,并给予1.5%七氟醚吸入两小时后患者自主呼吸恢复,潮气量500ml,呼吸频率21次/分,呼吸节律规整,停药清醒后拨出气管导管,术后随访无特殊,3d后出院。
 
2.讨论
 
琥珀胆碱(司可林)除极化肌松药,起效快,作用迅速,静注60~90S达高峰,呼吸肌作用充分恢复仅需6~12min。该药副作用较多,但是由于起效迅速,维持时间短,目前仍在临床上使用,静脉注射后,即为血液和肝中的丁酰胆碱酯酶(假性胆碱酯酶)水解,先分解成琥珀酰单胆碱,再缓缓分解为琥珀酸和胆碱,成为无肌松作用的代谢物,只有10%~15%的药量到达作用部位.约2%以原形,其余以代谢物的形式从尿液中排泄。血浓度半衰期为2~4分钟。假性胆碱酯酶是由肝脏合成,主要存在于血浆中,当肝脏疾病,高龄,雌激素,单胺氧化酶抑制剂,细胞毒药物,抗胆碱酯酶药,抗肿瘤药物,甲氧氯普胺等可以使此酶量减少或活性降低,酶活性或数量明显降低时可以导致相应药物肌松作用时间的延长。
 
经过血浆胆碱酯酶降解药物如琥珀胆碱(司可林)、米库氯铵等肌松药的降解异常常常是由两种原因造成:一是患者肝功能受损导致产生的胆碱酯酶数量明显下降,二是患者胆碱酯酶数量正常,但是酶的基因改变,导致酶的活性异常,直接影响药物的降解,常常与患者家族隐性遗传有关。本例患者,术前无骨、肌肉疾病,无肝、肾功能损害,术前未服用影响酶活性的药物,但患者半年前曾行放化疗治疗,其他家族成员无琥珀胆碱的麻醉史,患者血浆胆碱酯酶严重低下及本次术后的临床表现,我们考虑为琥珀胆碱(司可林)降解缓慢,肌松药作用时间延长,导致患者苏醒延迟。
 
至于患者出现血浆胆碱酯酶严重低下的原因,结合患者初次手术病史、家族史及放化疗高危因素我们考虑为患者放化疗后所导致,遗憾的是由于患者初次喉癌手术并非我院手术,未能追查到患者胆碱酯酶异常是否既往一直存在,还是与患者喉癌术后放化疗有关。
 
同时在麻醉处理上也存在不当,首先术前访视中患者肝功能基本正常,因此忽略了患者胆碱酯酶的异常,才导致了司可林的使用,使患者苏醒延迟,同时由于我院条件有限,也没有能对患者进行肌松监测,当使用琥珀胆碱后肌松时间显著延长时,有条件下应该进行肌松的监测,以排除药物因素,若没有肌松监测下麻醉医师在排除患者中枢神经系统损伤(如脑出血、脑水肿等),以及内环境改变(过度换气和其他原因引起的呼吸中枢抑制)后应考虑到假性胆碱酯酶活性或数量异常的可能性,此时应该辅助呼吸至肌松完全恢复,必要时输入新鲜冷冻血浆可能有利于补充新鲜的假性胆碱酯酶,从而促使肌松恢复。
 
临床麻醉中,麻醉医师在术前访视中需要态度认真仔细,仔细了解患者的病情及术前内环境状态,对于有肝脏疾病,长期使用雌激素,单胺氧化酶抑制剂,细胞毒药物,抗胆碱酯酶药,抗肿瘤药物,甲氧氯普胺等药物患者在使用司可林等药物时术前需特别关注患者血浆胆碱酯酶水平。
 
原始出处:

刘迁,唐国强,钟丽梅.琥珀胆碱致成人麻醉后苏醒延迟1例[J].医药前沿,2018,(16):215.

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    2019-05-06 grace5704
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1707716, encodeId=e05c1e07716e6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c968e01017' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#苏醒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87010, encryptionId=9c968e01017, topicName=苏醒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5ea931488603, createdName=ms1065684921169360, createdTime=Sun Oct 27 12:34:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1957073, encodeId=f0b6195e0732a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d9dc68e0489' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#琥珀胆碱#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68704, encryptionId=d9dc68e0489, topicName=琥珀胆碱)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=77b32500129, createdName=12498aa2m62(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue May 07 13:34:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1971500, encodeId=70a319e150070, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0f7d8e011d4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#苏醒延迟#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87011, encryptionId=0f7d8e011d4, topicName=苏醒延迟)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d58a435, createdName=sjq027, createdTime=Wed Oct 02 18:34:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1527410, encodeId=c272152e4103a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=10b483495a2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胆碱#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83495, encryptionId=10b483495a2, topicName=胆碱)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ce6211859522, createdName=grace5704, createdTime=Mon May 06 23:34:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=365742, encodeId=3b03365e42f3, content=学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Nd44v3xHnnictn9UpctwtH62EPQ59TMdI9lnqHMgQ16nH7GmGCfpzicsHgjibYVk6vwSpXrC86gMibRkoaIzf5HwSz7/0, createdBy=78cc1691107, createdName=龙胆草, createdTime=Sun May 05 08:46:43 CST 2019, time=2019-05-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-05-05 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

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