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肠梗阻一定会出现气液平面?答案是.....

2018-06-27 张书信 医学界消化肝病频道

肠梗阻是常见的外科急腹症,“痛、吐、胀、闭”是其典型的临床表现,而其X线表现,外科教材基本都是这样描述:肠梗阻4~6小时后,腹部立位X线检查即可见胀气的肠袢及多数气液平面。可见气液平面对于诊断肠梗阻非常重要,那么问题来了,什么是气液平面?肠梗阻一定出现气液平面吗?……什么是气液平面?气体和液体大量存在于人体内,二者可独立存在,也可共同出现。正常情况下液体可独立存在于胸腔、腹腔、心包、心脏、血管、

肠梗阻是常见的外科急腹症,“痛、吐、胀、闭”是其典型的临床表现,而其X线表现,外科教材基本都是这样描述:肠梗阻4~6小时后,腹部立位X线检查即可见胀气的肠袢及多数气液平面。可见气液平面对于诊断肠梗阻非常重要,那么问题来了,什么是气液平面?肠梗阻一定出现气液平面吗?……

什么是气液平面?

气体和液体大量存在于人体内,二者可独立存在,也可共同出现。

正常情况下液体可独立存在于胸腔、腹腔、心包、心脏、血管、淋巴管、胆囊、关节腔等密闭的空腔或空腔脏器内。气体可独立存在于空腔气管内,如呼吸系统,在消化道则可见液体与气体同时存在。

肠管有吸收气体、液体的功能,肠管本身也有分泌消化液的功能,当体内同时存在气体和液体时,由于重力的作用,气体上浮,液体下沉,导致气体在上,液体在下的气液分离,在X线显像上显示交界处形成明显的分界线。

气液平面是一种X线检查的征象,属于放射学名词,是指气体和液体相连接的水平分界线。气液平面可见于各种原因引起的气体和液体同时存在的疾病,并不特异的出现在肠梗阻中。

为什么会出现气液平面?

01

机械性肠梗阻时,梗阻以上部位的肠腔因积液积气而肠管扩张,肠道对于梗阻的第一反应是增强蠕动,这也是腹痛的主要原因。

此时食管上端括约肌发生反射性松弛,患者吸气时不自觉地将更多的空气吞入胃肠,因此肠梗阻的肠腔内积气约70%是患者吞咽的空气(正常空气成分按体积分数计算,氮约占78%,氧约占21%,其他成分占1%),其中大部分是不易被肠道吸收的氮气,其余约30%的肠道积气是来自于肠道内酸碱中和、细菌发酵作用产生的二氧化碳、氢气、甲烷等。

02

正常成人每日消化道分泌的唾液、胃液、胆汁、胰液、肠液的总量约有8L,这些消化液的大部分在小肠内被吸收,维持人体的体液平衡。

肠梗阻时大量的气体、液体积聚在梗阻的近心端引起肠管膨胀。肠管膨胀会抑制肠壁粘膜对水分的重吸收,以后又刺激肠壁粘膜增加分泌,导致肠腔积聚的液体积聚增多,形成恶性循环。

肠梗阻一定出现气液平面吗?

答案当然是否定的。

肠梗阻出现气液平面必须具备三要素:肠道梗阻、积气、积液。

肠梗阻的早期,肠功能比较正常时,以肠腔积气为主,积液较少,不易观察到气液平面。随着梗阻时间的延长,肠道积气部分被吸收,积液逐渐增多,气液比例相当时才会出现典型的气液平面。随着气体的逐渐消失,开始转变为以液体积聚为主,此时腹部X线可表现为串珠征或完全无气体,仅为积液的足球征等。

气液平面的出现和转变时间因人因病情而异。肠梗阻重症者渗出快,表现以液体为主,常需急诊手术,故少见发展为足球征者。常见的不完全性肠梗阻,气体液体尚可部分排出,因此典型的气液平面可持续较长的时间。

哪些疾病可出现气液平面?

医学上能导致气液平面的疾病较多,故在此仅讨论腹部的常见疾病。肠梗阻、外伤或炎性刺激造成的肠郁积、急性胃肠炎较常造成气液平面,而便秘、服用泻剂等也可出现,但较少见。

肠梗阻是指任何原因引起的肠内容物不能常运行通过肠道的疾病。机械性肠梗阻最为常见,常由于肠腔堵塞(如蛔虫团、粪石堵塞)、肠壁病变(如肿瘤)、肠腔受压(如肠粘连、疝崁顿)等原因引起肠腔狭窄,肠内容物不能正常通过。

由于肠腔积气积液导致肠管扩张,腹部站立位X线检查可见梗阻部位以上出现高低不等,宽窄不一的气液平面,X线诊断肠梗阻即是基于肠腔的扩张形态和气液平面。

反射性肠郁积是多种原因导致的肠道吸收功能障碍、分泌功能或动力功能障碍,从而导致肠腔气体液体潴留。虽有都有过量的气体液体,但是与肠梗阻的区别在于反射性肠郁积有肠道功能性改变而无梗阻性病理改变。

常见于炎症刺激肠管,如急性阑尾炎、腹膜炎、胆囊炎、胰腺炎、盆腔炎等疾病,多以恶心、呕吐、腹痛腹胀为主诉,少见停止排气排便者。

急性胃肠炎是胃肠粘膜的急性炎症,其产生气液平面的原因是肠腔内的细菌或病毒刺激肠粘膜大量分泌、渗出,临床以腹痛、腹泻、恶心、呕吐为主诉,查体振水音阳性,肠鸣音亢进,无固定压痛点。病因多为饮食不洁,暴饮暴食等。

综上所述,肠梗阻时X线片可显示出气液平面,但是发现气液平面不一定都是肠梗阻。不同原因引起的肠道内容物气液分离时均可在X线片上出现气液平面。

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    2018-10-10 1237cdb8m17暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=348715, encodeId=eab3348e153d, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=91802412712, createdName=1237cdb8m17暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Oct 10 07:27:53 CST 2018, time=2018-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1290094, encodeId=85e81290094a9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cea4815e119' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠梗阻#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81571, encryptionId=cea4815e119, topicName=肠梗阻)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c950224, createdName=hjwang79, createdTime=Fri Jun 29 11:45:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=327655, encodeId=60c832e65524, content=这篇在很久以前就在丁香园看过啊.咋成医学界的了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=105, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/06/28/105cfa9a2e53565bb1a732070579fa38.jpg, createdBy=3d5c2257250, createdName=啦啦啦2222, createdTime=Thu Jun 28 10:54:47 CST 2018, time=2018-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=327608, encodeId=eb8c32e60812, content=好文献学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Thu Jun 28 07:04:29 CST 2018, time=2018-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=327533, encodeId=b9db32e53381, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=106, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Wed Jun 27 23:00:21 CST 2018, time=2018-06-27, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2018-06-28 啦啦啦2222

    这篇在很久以前就在丁香园看过啊.咋成医学界的了

    0

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    2018-06-28 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-06-27 天地飞扬

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

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