Baidu
map

Cell:口腔微生物可能会引发炎症性肠病

2020-06-20 MedSci MedSci原创

不健康的口腔通常能反映出一个人的整体健康状况,甚至可能是发生全身性疾病的原因,包括从心脏病到糖尿病。

不健康的口腔通常能反映出一个人的整体健康状况,甚至可能是发生全身性疾病的原因,包括从心脏病到糖尿病

密歇根大学医学院的一项新研究表明,炎症性肠病(IBD)可能是由于口腔健康状况恶化而导致的最新疾病,这类疾病包括克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎。这一新的研究成果公布在Cell杂志上,描述了牙周炎可以导致口腔菌群紊乱,致病菌扩增,而致病菌自身以及其所诱导产生的TH17细胞迁移至肠道,引发肠炎。

胃肠病学内科助理教授Kamada Nobuhiko Kamada多年来一直在研究肠道微生物组。他指出,在研究文献中,IBD患者肠道中外来细菌物种的过度生长与细菌之间的联系日益紧密,这种细菌通常在口腔中发现。 “我决定去牙科请教一下这个问题:口腔疾病会影响胃肠道疾病的严重性吗?”

在第一个途径中,牙周炎(牙龈疾病)会导致口腔中正常健康微生物组的失衡,增加引起炎症的细菌,这些致病细菌随后进入肠道。

但是仅此一项可能不足以引发肠道炎症。这一研究团队证明,通过观察结肠发炎小鼠的微生物组变化,他们发现口腔细菌可以加重肠道炎症。

Kamada说:“正常的肠道微生物组可以抵抗外源或外来细菌的定殖。” “但是,在患有IBD的小鼠中,健康的肠道细菌被破坏,削弱了它们抵抗来自口腔的致病细菌的能力。”研究小组发现,患有口腔和肠道炎症的小鼠体重减轻显著变多,疾病活动更多。

在第二种途径中,牙周炎激活口腔中免疫系统的T细胞。这些口腔T细胞到达肠道,也加剧了炎症。肠道的正常微生物组通过微调的炎症和调节性T细胞的作用来保持平衡,这些T细胞经过微调,可以耐受驻留细菌。但是,Kamada说,口腔炎症主要产生炎症性T细胞,这些T细胞迁移到肠道,然后从正常环境中移出,最终触发肠道的免疫反应,使疾病恶化。

牙周炎小鼠除了会通过迁移到肠道的菌群影响肠炎的进程,是否还有可能通过免疫细胞呢?前面第一部分结果表明,同时罹患牙周炎和肠炎的小鼠,肠道粘膜会富集大量Th17细胞。作者发现,牙周炎小鼠的颈部淋巴结富集大量的Th17细胞,而有报道指出,颈部淋巴结的免疫细胞可以迁移到全身大部分器官,包括肠道,作者将从颈部淋巴结提取的Th17细胞转输到Rag1-/-小鼠体内,同时伴随植入牙周炎小鼠菌群,小鼠就会罹患肠炎,而仅转输Th17细胞则不会,这些结果表明, 牙周炎所导致的口腔菌群紊乱,可以诱导Th17的产生,而迁移到肠道的Th17在细菌抗原的作用下发生扩增,从而加速肠炎的发病进程。

作者阐明了口腔细菌感染对口腔之外的器官的影响。牙周炎所导致的口腔紊乱的菌群,通过消化系统进入肠道,活化炎症小体,引发肠炎。与此同时,菌群紊乱所诱导的TH17细胞,同样迁移至肠道,并在肠道富集和扩增。简而言之,发炎的口腔通过向肠道输入菌群和Th17细胞两种方式,加重肠道炎症。

文章另外一位作者William Giannobile说:“由口腔生物迁移到肠道引起的肠道炎症的加剧,强调作为整体身体健康的重要性,以及口腔健康的重要意义。”

这项研究的通讯作者,肠胃病学助理教授Shrinivas Bishu说:这项研究对IBD的新疗法产生了影响,“太多的患者仍然无法用药,导致生活质量下降,最终无法手术。” “这项研究意味着,通过监测口腔炎症可以改善IBD的临床疗效,这是一个有趣的想法。”

不过,梅斯医学仍然要提醒,这仅仅是基于小鼠的研究,在人体中是否是这样,仍然不清楚。不过,近来有一些研究比较有趣,例如,发现益生菌,包括乳酸菌(主要调节肠道),却有益于口腔的健康,这能不能成为一个佐证呢?详细见:Am J Dent:乳酸菌治疗严重牙周炎和口臭的临床效果。但是,口腔感染还能引发肠炎,说明口腔与肠道并不是独立的,见:CELL:口腔感染如何引发肠炎?。另外,口腔微生物自成一个体系,口腔微生物若要与肠道微生物互动,必需要经历胃这一道关口,不是所有微生物都能通过胃的检验的。

原始出处:

The intermucosal connection between the mouth and gut in commensal pathobiont-driven colitis, Cell.DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.048

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (5)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871817, encodeId=938618e18171c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Fri Jan 29 19:35:29 CST 2021, time=2021-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1825159, encodeId=6f5418251597a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=702a5065860' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微生物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50658, encryptionId=702a5065860, topicName=微生物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Tue May 25 21:35:29 CST 2021, time=2021-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962114, encodeId=7a67196211422, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Dec 01 15:35:29 CST 2020, time=2020-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1547334, encodeId=f167154e334e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4ef26e01766' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#炎症性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67017, encryptionId=4ef26e01766, topicName=炎症性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=09e813968720, createdName=12498dd9m15暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Jun 22 13:35:29 CST 2020, time=2020-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=799306, encodeId=75c6e993063b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8de681666e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道微生态#</a>这是说明人是个整体,人体不同区域的微生可以相互影响,小孩子喜欢吃手那么皮肤微生物和口腔微生物也互相联动。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=199, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81666, encryptionId=8de681666e2, topicName=肠道微生态)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 09:40:33 CST 2020, time=2020-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871817, encodeId=938618e18171c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Fri Jan 29 19:35:29 CST 2021, time=2021-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1825159, encodeId=6f5418251597a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=702a5065860' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微生物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50658, encryptionId=702a5065860, topicName=微生物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Tue May 25 21:35:29 CST 2021, time=2021-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962114, encodeId=7a67196211422, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Dec 01 15:35:29 CST 2020, time=2020-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1547334, encodeId=f167154e334e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4ef26e01766' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#炎症性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67017, encryptionId=4ef26e01766, topicName=炎症性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=09e813968720, createdName=12498dd9m15暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Jun 22 13:35:29 CST 2020, time=2020-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=799306, encodeId=75c6e993063b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8de681666e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道微生态#</a>这是说明人是个整体,人体不同区域的微生可以相互影响,小孩子喜欢吃手那么皮肤微生物和口腔微生物也互相联动。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=199, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81666, encryptionId=8de681666e2, topicName=肠道微生态)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 09:40:33 CST 2020, time=2020-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871817, encodeId=938618e18171c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Fri Jan 29 19:35:29 CST 2021, time=2021-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1825159, encodeId=6f5418251597a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=702a5065860' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微生物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50658, encryptionId=702a5065860, topicName=微生物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Tue May 25 21:35:29 CST 2021, time=2021-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962114, encodeId=7a67196211422, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Dec 01 15:35:29 CST 2020, time=2020-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1547334, encodeId=f167154e334e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4ef26e01766' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#炎症性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67017, encryptionId=4ef26e01766, topicName=炎症性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=09e813968720, createdName=12498dd9m15暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Jun 22 13:35:29 CST 2020, time=2020-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=799306, encodeId=75c6e993063b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8de681666e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道微生态#</a>这是说明人是个整体,人体不同区域的微生可以相互影响,小孩子喜欢吃手那么皮肤微生物和口腔微生物也互相联动。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=199, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81666, encryptionId=8de681666e2, topicName=肠道微生态)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 09:40:33 CST 2020, time=2020-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-12-01 维他命
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871817, encodeId=938618e18171c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Fri Jan 29 19:35:29 CST 2021, time=2021-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1825159, encodeId=6f5418251597a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=702a5065860' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微生物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50658, encryptionId=702a5065860, topicName=微生物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Tue May 25 21:35:29 CST 2021, time=2021-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962114, encodeId=7a67196211422, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Dec 01 15:35:29 CST 2020, time=2020-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1547334, encodeId=f167154e334e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4ef26e01766' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#炎症性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67017, encryptionId=4ef26e01766, topicName=炎症性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=09e813968720, createdName=12498dd9m15暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Jun 22 13:35:29 CST 2020, time=2020-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=799306, encodeId=75c6e993063b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8de681666e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道微生态#</a>这是说明人是个整体,人体不同区域的微生可以相互影响,小孩子喜欢吃手那么皮肤微生物和口腔微生物也互相联动。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=199, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81666, encryptionId=8de681666e2, topicName=肠道微生态)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 09:40:33 CST 2020, time=2020-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871817, encodeId=938618e18171c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Fri Jan 29 19:35:29 CST 2021, time=2021-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1825159, encodeId=6f5418251597a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=702a5065860' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#微生物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=50658, encryptionId=702a5065860, topicName=微生物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0b7c20, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Tue May 25 21:35:29 CST 2021, time=2021-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1962114, encodeId=7a67196211422, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Tue Dec 01 15:35:29 CST 2020, time=2020-12-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1547334, encodeId=f167154e334e4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4ef26e01766' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#炎症性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67017, encryptionId=4ef26e01766, topicName=炎症性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=09e813968720, createdName=12498dd9m15暂无昵称, createdTime=Mon Jun 22 13:35:29 CST 2020, time=2020-06-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=799306, encodeId=75c6e993063b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8de681666e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道微生态#</a>这是说明人是个整体,人体不同区域的微生可以相互影响,小孩子喜欢吃手那么皮肤微生物和口腔微生物也互相联动。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=199, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81666, encryptionId=8de681666e2, topicName=肠道微生态)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sun Jun 21 09:40:33 CST 2020, time=2020-06-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-06-21 lovetcm

    #肠道微生态#这是说明人是个整体,人体不同区域的微生可以相互影响,小孩子喜欢吃手那么皮肤微生物和口腔微生物也互相联动。

    0

相关资讯

Gut:炎症性肠病与小肠癌风险

IBD患者发生SBC和SBC死亡更为常见,尤其是CD患者,尽管绝对风险较低。

Inflamm Bowel Dis:补充维生素D可能对IBD患者的上呼吸道感染有预防作用

我们评估了冬季和早春期间口服维生素D补充剂是否能降低炎症性肠病(IBD)患者的流感和上呼吸道感染的发生率。

Gastroenterology:显微结肠炎与炎症性肠病风险

显微结肠炎患者的炎症性肠病风险显著增加

专家:炎症性肠病发病率近年来不断上升 临床诊疗应关注患者生活质量

一项针对炎症性肠病(IBD)的研究数据显示,近五成患者表示疾病严重影响了其工作能力和活动能力。

JCC: 小儿炎症性肠病患儿的疾病表型变化与年龄的关系

在加拿大,小儿炎症性肠病[IBD]的发病率是全球最高的,而且发病年龄可能正在降低。在本项研究中研究人员检查了加拿大整个儿科年龄谱中IBD表型的变化。

JCC:炎性肠病患者的间质和肉芽肿性肺疾病的发生率

间质性肺病[ILD]和肉芽肿性肺病[GLD]是与炎症性肠病[IBD]相关的罕见呼吸系统疾病。临床表现是多态的,病因尚不清楚。本项研究旨在探究这些罕见病的发病率。

Baidu
map
Baidu
map
Baidu
map