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Cell:接种卡介苗的国家,新冠肺炎感染率更低!专家回应

2020-09-13 39健康网 39健康网

挽起袖子,你的手臂上是否有一个小小的疤痕?其实,这是你刚出生时,打第一针疫苗留下的,而这种疫苗就是卡介苗。

挽起袖子,你的手臂上是否有一个小小的疤痕?其实,这是你刚出生时,打第一针疫苗留下的,而这种疫苗就是——卡介苗。

让人想不到的是,卡介苗竟然与今年的新冠病毒有关,打过卡介苗的人可能有福了。

CELL:接种卡介苗可保护老人免受感染

新冠这厮在人间“蹦跶”已半年有余,为避免更多人牺牲,最根本的策略是研发出安全有效的新冠疫苗,武装人类自身,让身体免遭病毒侵袭。可是,除疫苗外,难道就没有其他“武器”了?

最近,国际杂志《CELL》发布了一篇论文,评估了卡介苗预防老人感染的作用。

家里没娃的可能不知卡介苗为何物。实际上,当我们呱呱坠地,就要“挨卡介苗一针”,它主要用于婴儿身上,可预防结核感染。但这种疫苗是否也能保护老人,让其免受感染呢?为回答这一问题,研究者在2年前开始了ACTIVATE研究。198名老人出院后接种了卡介苗或安慰剂,经过一年的跟踪调查,研究者得出了初步结果。

结果显示,接种卡介苗延长了首次感染的时间:接种卡介苗的老人平均在16周后感染,而安慰剂组为11周;此外,接种卡介苗还降低了新感染发生率:接种卡介苗的老人新感染发生率为25%,而安慰剂组为42.3%。

研究还说了,卡介苗对病毒性呼吸道感染有较强的保护作用,接种卡介苗是安全的,有助于老人免受感染。至于卡介苗能否对抗新冠病毒,研究没有证实,这需要进行更大规模的研究来评估。

卡介苗是什么疫苗?

这么说吧,如果没有卡介苗,结核病估计现在还在“吊打”人类。

幸好,在1882年,德国微生物学家罗伯特·科赫发现了导致结核病的“罪魁祸首”——结核分枝杆菌。到了1907年,两名法国微生物学家又从牛身上分离了一种结核分枝杆菌,经过漫长的试验,研制出了一种能在人体内引发免疫反应的特殊菌株,促进了卡介苗的诞生。

卡介苗是一种“老疫苗”了,它对儿童期脑膜炎与散播性结核病具有保护作用。我国要求新生儿应普遍接种卡介苗,因此你手臂上的小小疤痕,就是接种卡介苗留下的(也有人不留疤)。

你手臂上的小疤痕,或许能预防新冠肺炎

让2名法国微生物学家想不到的是,百年后,卡介苗竟有了抵抗新冠、拯救苍生的潜力。

今年3月,在预印本平台MedRxiv上(该平台文章未经审评,不属证实发布),有科学家发现了一个有意思的现象:在没普及接种卡介苗的5个中高收入国家中(意大利、美国、黎巴嫩、荷兰、比利时),新冠肺炎百万感染率为264.9,百万死亡率为16.39;而在其他普及接种卡介苗的55个国家中,这两个数字分别是59.54和0.78。

这数据让很多人“爽了”,纷纷猜测卡介苗也许是新冠病毒的“杀手克星”。

至于为什么,荷兰有研究者发文表示,卡介苗对人体免疫系统的“训练”,或许是对抗新冠病毒的重要机制。

我们都知道,疫苗能帮助人体产生针对目标病原体的特异性免疫反应。可是,人体不单单只有抗体这种特异性免疫武器呀!大家别忘了咱们还有以白细胞为主力的非特异性免疫!过去有研究显示,卡介苗注射后似乎可长期刺激、训练白细胞,从而能强化人体非特异性免疫,起到增强人体对抗其他病原体的能力。

卡介苗真能对抗新冠病毒?高兴太早了!

这样说来,难道卡介苗真的是人类的“救星”?它真的会在某一天,披着金甲圣衣,脚踏七彩祥云来拯救我们?

诶,别高兴太早了!

卡介苗“出征”抗新冠,目前还处于“待定状态”,因为卡介苗这厮,负面舆论比较多。比如:

美国贝勒医学院理查德·凯勒迈尔等认为,依据现有数据,我们无法明确各国新冠肺炎百万病亡率与普及卡介苗时间的必然联系;也就是说,卡介苗与新冠病毒只是具有相关性,而没有“因果关系”。

另外,美国南佛罗里达大学阿比特·斯里瓦斯塔夫等也说了,如果考虑各国检测能力差异,卡介苗与各国新冠肺炎病亡率间的关系将不复存在。

日本研究者浅原正雄对此也表示不服,“钻石公主”号上,接种卡介苗的国民,感染率和病死率和其他国家国民没多大差异呀。再说了,国家政策、人的行为、遗传基因等都会影响各国疫情,卡介苗的作用可能相对很小。

连权威机构世界卫生组织也指出,MedRxiv的研究存在很多“混淆变量”,包括各国人口年龄结构、新冠病毒检测率、疫情发展阶段等,目前没有证据表明卡介苗可保护人们免受新冠病毒感染,所以不推荐通过接种卡介苗预防新冠肺炎。《柳叶刀》杂志曾刊发表示,在验证卡介苗有效之前,全球需严格遵循世卫组织的建议。

除此之外,关于卡介苗“训练免疫”研究,也因其方法论而受到科学界的广泛批评。

所以说,卡介苗能否抵抗新冠病毒,还是个未知数,我们别高兴太早啦。另外,值得强调的是,即使你出生时打过卡介苗,也千万不要“得瑟”,疫情没结束前,口罩一定要戴起来!

原始出处:

[1]Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis,etal. ACTIVATE: RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL OF BCG VACCINATION AGAINSTINFECTION IN THE ELDERLY. CELL 2020,DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.051

[2]《卡介苗助力抗击新冠病毒?尚需研究》.中国青年网.2020-05-13

[3] 《Science:四国队开展卡介苗对新冠病毒的随机试验》.中国生物技术网.2020-03-25

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    2020-12-03 爆笑小医
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    2020-09-15 lovetcm

    #卡介苗#能否抵抗#新冠病毒#,可能与免疫有关,但也有可能,接种卡介苗的国家普遍具有预防意识,因此,#新冠肺炎#控制得更好,死亡率可能更低。

    0

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    2020-09-14 责任人

    学习

    0

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    2020-09-13 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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    2020-09-13 水-晶

    目前也就是一个现象

    0

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