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Nature:特异肠道微生物亚群暗示渐冻症未来治疗新途径

2019-07-24 纪大乙 生物探索

肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS),俗称“渐冻症”,是一种神经退行性疾病,影响患者脊髓和大脑中与运动相关的神经,导致运动神经元逐渐萎缩并死亡,令大脑无法控制肌肉运动。大多数患者在确诊后只有3-5年的生存期。去年陨世的著名物理学家斯蒂芬?霍金在21岁时即被诊断患有此症。

肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS),俗称“渐冻症”,是一种神经退行性疾病,影响患者脊髓和大脑中与运动相关的神经,导致运动神经元逐渐萎缩并死亡,令大脑无法控制肌肉运动。大多数患者在确诊后只有3-5年的生存期。去年陨世的著名物理学家斯蒂芬?霍金在21岁时即被诊断患有此症。

2014年夏天,“冰桶挑战”风靡一时,越来越多的普通人开始了解和关注ALS。一直以来,科研工作者从未停止对ALS的探寻,希望有朝一日能够为ALS“解冻”。近日,发表在《Nature》上的一篇重磅研究表明,肠道微生物组或能影响ALS进程,该研究也将为ALS的治疗提供新的方向。

越来越多的证据表明,肠道菌群与多种大脑功能和疾病相关。比如帕金森病(Neuron:帕金森病起源于肠道,通过神经传入大脑)、压力和焦虑(压力、焦虑,你怕了吗?2篇新研究:看肠道菌群如何来刷“存在感”)、多发性硬化(MS)(肠道微生物保护神经免受病毒感染伤害)等。

于是来自德国癌症研究中心(DKFZ)和以色列魏茨曼科学研究院(Weizmann Institute of Science)的一支科研合作团队试图探究肠道菌群在ALS的潜在作用。

肠道菌群与ALS进程相关

起初,研究人员通过一系列探索性实验证明,在转基因小鼠中使用广谱抗生素清除其大部分菌群后,一种类似ALS的疾病症状会恶化。这一结果暗示了菌群的改变与遗传上易患ALS的小鼠疾病加速发展之间的潜在联系。那么到底是哪种微生物在作祟呢?

于是,研究人员利用先进的计算方法对ALS易感小鼠体内微生物组的组成和功能进行了表征,并与正常小鼠进行了比较。由此,研究人员最终鉴定出11种微生物菌株。这些菌株在易感ALS的小鼠中随着疾病的进展而发生变化,甚至在小鼠出现明显的ALS症状之前就发生了变化。

接下来,研究人员将这些菌株分离出来,并在抗生素治疗后以类似益生菌补充物的形式,一个接一个地给易感ALS小鼠服用,其中一些菌株对这种类似ALS的疾病产生了明显的负面影响。但有一种叫嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia muciniphila)的菌株显着减缓了小鼠的疾病进展,延长了它们的生存周期。

嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌

为了揭示嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌产生这种效果的机理,研究人员检测了肠道微生物分泌的数千个小分子。最终将注意力集中在一种叫做烟酰胺(NAM)的分子上:抗生素治疗后,易感ALS小鼠血液和脑脊液中的烟酰胺水平降低,而在补充了能够分泌这种分子的嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌后,烟酰胺水平升高。

为了证实NAM确实是一种由微生物分泌的能够阻碍ALS进程的分子,研究人员向ALS小鼠补充NAM后发现,这些小鼠的临床状况明显得到改善。进一步对这些小鼠的大脑中基因表达分析表明,NAM改善了运动神经元的功能。

人体研究

为了探究NAM是否在人体中也有如此功效,研究人员进行了一项小型人体研究(37位ALS患者和29位对照并也观察到类似的结果,即ALS患者的肠道菌群发生改变,部分ALS患者的血液和脑脊液中,NAM水平也下降。

结语

总的来说,这项研究的结果表明,肠道菌群对ALS具有潜在作用,这一发现或能为将来识别可修饰的治疗靶标铺平道路。

研究者表示该结论还需要开展更多规模的前瞻性队列研究加以验证。

原始出处:
Blacher E1, Bashiardes S1, Shapiro H1, et al.Potential roles of gut microbiome and metabolites in modulating ALS in mice.Nature. 2019 Jul 22. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1443-5. [Epub ahead of print]

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    2019-08-07 liye789132251
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    2019-07-26 xjy02
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    2019-07-24 坚强007

    向挑战病魔的科研人员致敬!

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