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Science:利用改进的CRISPR/Cas9系统高效和特异性地实现单碱基突变

2016-08-05 佚名 生物谷

 在一项新的研究中,利用一种引入DNA单个核苷酸变化的脱氨酶,来自日本神户大学的研究人员构建出一种改进的CRISPR/Cas9工具,从而避免产生有害的双链断裂,使得利用CRISPR/Cas9技术引入的附带突变最小化,而且也不需要加入DNA模板。相关研究结果于2016年8月4日在线发表在Science期刊上,论文标题为“Targeted nucleotide editing using

 

在一项新的研究中,利用一种引入DNA单个核苷酸变化的脱氨酶,来自日本神户大学的研究人员构建出一种改进的CRISPR/Cas9工具,从而避免产生有害的双链断裂,使得利用CRISPR/Cas9技术引入的附带突变最小化,而且也不需要加入DNA模板。相关研究结果于2016年8月4日在线发表在Science期刊上,论文标题为“Targeted nucleotide editing using hybrid prokaryotic and vertebrate adaptive immune systems”。


美国哈佛大学科学家George Church(未参与这项研究)写道,“这些脱氨酶解决之前的大多数基因组编辑方法---包括转录激活子样效应因子核酸酶(TALEN)、锌指核酸酶(ZFN)和Cas9---的最大问题:所需的编辑位点与通过非同源末端连接(non-homologous end-joining, NHEJ)发生的随机插入和删除相竞争。[这个系统也]降低由双链断裂导致的毒性。”他的实验室也在开发基于脱氨酶的碱基编辑工具。

哈佛大学化学生物学教授David Liu(未参与这项研究)说,“当另一家实验室再现一项重大发现时,它总是令人鼓舞的,而且对这个领域也是有帮助的。这篇论文的作者们也能够证实这种基因编辑策略在细胞中发挥作用。”

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统,人们通过将Cas9导入到细胞中对一种DNA序列进行编辑而产生双链断裂,同时也将一种DNA模板导入到这种细胞中,这样该细胞利用这种DNA模板修复这种断裂。这种编辑过程依赖细胞的同源重组机制,然而其他的修复机制如NHEJ也来竞争执行这种修复任务,因而经常导致不想要的和不准确的序列插入和删除。

论文通信作者、神户大学科学家Akihiko Kondo告诉《科学家》杂志,“在双链断裂修复期间,很多事情同时发生,有时发生的核苷酸删除和插入或者说突变不在我们的控制内。”

为了构建一种更加准确的编辑工具,Kondo和他的同事们将一种没有核酸酶活性的不能够切割双链DNA的Cas9版本或一种产生单链切口的切口酶Cas9版本与一种来自七鳃鳗(sea lamprey)免疫系统的激活诱导性胞苷脱氨酶(activation-induced cytidine deaminase, AID)融合在一起。在正常情形下,这种AID酶在免疫球蛋白和抗体基因中产生突变从而让免疫系统具有多样性。AID作用在单链DNA上,将胞嘧啶(C)替换为尿嘧啶(U),随后在一轮DNA复制中,这种尿嘧啶(U)被转化为胸腺嘧啶(T)。

通过测试这种新的杂合复合物是否能够在出芽酵母---缺乏一种内源性的类似AID的系统---中修饰一种选择性的标志物,Kondo团队发现当在向导RNA(gRNA)的引导下,这种蛋白复合物靶向作用于CAN1基因,而且相对于非靶向的选择性标志物,CAN1基因发生突变的频率增加了1000倍。利用全基因组测序,研究人员发现很少的脱靶突变,只比背景突变率略有增加。论文第一作者、Kondo实验室博士后研究员Keiji Nishida说,“[在AID存在下],这种脱靶突变率是可以接受的,相比于自然的背景突变率增加了不到10倍。”

研究人员也证实将两种不同的gRNA与Cas9-AID复合物一起表达能够同时对两种基因进行修饰。

相比于没有核酸酶活性的Cas9-AID复合物,切口酶Cas9-AID复合物能够在核苷酸替换位点的相反链上产生切口,基因编辑效率略高一些。Nishida解释道,这是因为核苷酸切除修复(nucleotide excision repair, NER)能够修复AID产生的核苷酸替换,“如果在互补链上产生一个切口,那么就不再有参照链来校正替换突变”,从而使得想要的核苷酸替换过程更有效率地进行。

为了进一步修饰,研究人员将尿嘧啶DNA糖基化酶(uracil DNA glycosylase)抑制剂---与这种Cas9-AID复合物连接在一起,从而增加这种复合物产生C-T替换的效率,同时使得在哺乳动物细胞系中发生的不想要的缺失突变最小化。

这种基因编辑复合物也能够在哺乳动物细胞系中表现良好,导致相对少的脱靶突变。在酵母细胞中,相对于表达标准的CRISPR/Cas9系统,表达上述两种改进的DNA编辑复合物中的任何一种都能够导致它们更好的生长,这提示着这种新的编辑工具也是毒性更小的。

这种所谓的Cas9-AID复合物具有较高的特异性,对在靶基因中三到五个碱基对窗口中的胞嘧啶(C)进行修饰。Nishida注意到,“令我们吃惊的是,这种突变窗口(mutation window)是如此狭窄。”作出比较,Liu和他的同事们在最近发布的一项研究中,报道了他们的碱基编辑工具变体---使用来自大鼠的一种脱氨酶---的突变窗口在三到六个碱基之间。Liu说,“若要发挥最大的用处,这种碱基编辑窗口不能太宽也不能太窄,因此,这两种方法有助给人们提供更多的选择,增加他们能够解决他们的碱基编辑需求的机会。”

对Church而言,开发用于临床的这种基因编辑工具的关键问题之一就是进一步研究脱靶效应。Church写道,另一个关键问题是靶向单个碱基胞嘧啶(C),同时不会靶向攻击靶序列附近的胞嘧啶(C)。

根据Kondo的说法,他的团队想要进一步拓展这项研究:将Cas9与其他酶连接在一起以便构建出种类齐全的DNA编辑工具箱,从而可能产生4种核苷酸替换突变组合中的任何一种。

原始出处

Keiji Nishida1, Takayuki Arazoe1, Nozomu Yachie2,3,4, Satomi Banno1, Mika Kakimoto1, Mayura Tabata1, Masao Mochizuki1, Aya Miyabe1, Michihiro Araki1, Kiyotaka Y. Hara5, Zenpei Shimatani1, Akihiko Kondo.Targeted nucleotide editing using hybrid prokaryotic and vertebrate adaptive immune systems.Science.2016

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  4. 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  5. 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createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Sun Aug 07 09:05:00 CST 2016, time=2016-08-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-08-07 yuandd
  6. 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  7. 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    2016-08-07 respect
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    2016-08-07 yaanren

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