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中国餐馆菜肴过咸,钠严重超标!中疾控超8000余道菜分析

2022-05-16 中国循环杂志 中国循环杂志

高钠饮食已成为国人心血管代谢性疾病的首要风险因素。

曾有研究显示,经常下馆子,增加死亡风险。原因可能与美味佳肴口味重有关。而钠盐吃多了,就会增加心脑血管疾病风险。

近日,一项中国疾控中心进行的研究则显示,我国餐厅菜肴普遍偏咸,一份菜含钠量几乎是中国成人每日钠推荐量的2.2倍,南方菜更是重灾区。

这项研究分析了全国192家餐馆8131道有详细菜谱的畅销菜。研究对熟悉菜肴准备和烹饪的厨师进行了深入调查。

研究发现,在某些情况下,是菜肴中每份食物的钠含量较高,例如在南方、小餐馆和冷盘中;而有时钠浓度不高,而是因为份量大,例如在北方、大型餐馆和主食/小吃中。

研究还发现,盐和调味品占到了钠含量的82.9%,这样菜肴中钠的来源很复杂。厨师更喜欢使用几种调味品,而不是仅仅添加盐。

研究中的菜品,涵盖了南北(分别为4302道、3829道),及大、中、小型餐厅(分别有2285道、4162到和1684道);主要是炒菜(83.9%)、其次是凉菜(11.7%)、汤(3.0%)和主食或小食(1.4%)。

研究显示,餐厅中菜品的平均钠含量为 487.3 mg/100 g。按单份菜品平均575.6 g计算,平均钠含量为2543.7 mg/份。

这样看来,74.9%的菜超出了成年人每日钠摄入量(1500 mg/d),62.6%超出了预防慢病所建议的摄入量(2000 mg/d)。

其中食盐(45.8%)是菜品中钠的主要来源,其次是味精(17.5%)、食品配料(17.1%)、酱油(9.4%)和其他调味品/调味料(10.2%)。

而且通常咸味调味品或佐料种类加得越多,菜品中钠水平较高。

所有菜中,45.1%加了3种咸味调味品或佐料,23.3%加了4种,24.2%加了两种,仅7.4%只加了一种。

钠高低因区域、餐厅大小和菜肴类型有所差异,其中南方菜肴(566.3 mg/100g)、中小餐馆(497.5 mg/100g或491.3 mg/100g)、汤品(687.0 mg/100g)、冷盘(528.4 mg/100g)和油炸菜品(480.9 mg/100g)中钠含量最高。

按提供每千卡热量的食物来计算,平均钠含量为 3.4 mg/kcal,其中钠含量最高的分别在南方菜肴(3.6 mg/kcal)、大中型餐馆(3.4 mg/kcal、3.5 mg/kcal)、冷盘(4.8 mg/kcal)、汤品(4.3 mg/kcal)和油炸菜品(3.3 mg/kcal)。

南方菜品、小餐馆、油炸菜品更有可能加4种咸味调味品或佐料。

据2010~2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测数据显示,国人每日平均摄入5013 mg钠,远远高于世卫组织和中国相关指南所推荐的份量。

而且高钠饮食已成为国人心血管代谢性疾病的首要风险因素。

随着生活水平的提高,生活节奏的加快,下馆子、定外卖已是常事。

盐是居民膳食钠的主要来源,盐摄入的下降将直接引起膳食钠摄入总量的下降,这对预防高血压的发生,减少脑卒中和心脏病极其重要。

2007 年世卫组织已将减盐(减少钠摄入)列为预防慢性病的最佳措施之一,并号召成员国在 2020 年达到人群钠摄入量减少30% 的目标。

北京大学临床研究所武阳丰教授在本刊发表文章称,在人群中推广低钠盐(也称代用盐),即在普通食盐(氯化钠含量90%~99%)中混入一定比例、同样具有咸味的氯化钾,减少氯化钠的摄入,具有巨大的公共卫生意义。

如果每个家庭将普通盐更换为低钠盐,所有餐馆、食堂和食品生产企业都用低钠盐代替普通食盐制作和加工食品,那么全中国就将减少 10% 以上的死亡。

来源:

[1] Du W, Wang H, Zhang J,et al. Sodium content of restaurant dishes in China: a cross-sectional survey. Nutr J. 2022 Feb 17;21(1):10.

https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12937-022-00762-4.pdf

[2] 武阳丰. 推广低钠盐的科学证据及其公共卫生意义. 中国循环杂志, 2022, 37: 1-3. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2022.01.001

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1991506, encodeId=6f6819915063c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=39fc2232933' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中疾控#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22329, encryptionId=39fc2232933, topicName=中疾控)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7dc7399, createdName=apoenzyme, createdTime=Sat Nov 26 15:30:03 CST 2022, time=2022-11-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220189, encodeId=48df1220189b3, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e4715723625, createdName=ms6000000816535237, createdTime=Tue May 17 06:44:53 CST 2022, time=2022-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220127, encodeId=4bd9122012e79, content=特别大排档烤鱼盐不要钱一样。咸的特别离谱, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220511/f42ace9635514ccaa5596518c08beb19/93d7d528c2fa4c58b823ae7487c9e1aa.jpg, createdBy=54ee2384025, createdName=EltaMD昵称), createdTime=Mon May 16 21:44:29 CST 2022, time=2022-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1220126, encodeId=2fe712201269b, content=超标的严重, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220511/f42ace9635514ccaa5596518c08beb19/93d7d528c2fa4c58b823ae7487c9e1aa.jpg, createdBy=54ee2384025, createdName=EltaMD昵称), createdTime=Mon May 16 21:42:31 CST 2022, time=2022-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-05-17 ms6000000816535237

    学习了

    0

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    2022-05-16 EltaMD昵称)

    特别大排档烤鱼盐不要钱一样。咸的特别离谱

    0

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    2022-05-16 EltaMD昵称)

    超标的严重

    0

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