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Nature:为什么细胞过密,状态就不好了?

2017-04-18 李华芸 生物通

如今,来自新加坡生物力学研究所(MBI)和法国Jacques Monod研究所(IJM)、国家科学研究中心(CNRS)、巴黎狄德罗大学,以及英国牛津大学居里研究所的研究学者们从人工培养的单层上皮细胞那里得到了一些重要启示。细胞层是一个具有物理性破绽的结构,这些破绽导致了部分细胞的“无辜”死亡。组织中经常发生细胞溢出现象。损伤、凋亡、死亡的细胞会被组织踢出来,就连正常健康的细胞有时也会被排挤出来。目

如今,来自新加坡生物力学研究所(MBI)和法国Jacques Monod研究所(IJM)、国家科学研究中心(CNRS)、巴黎狄德罗大学,以及英国牛津大学居里研究所的研究学者们从人工培养的单层上皮细胞那里得到了一些重要启示。细胞层是一个具有物理性破绽的结构,这些破绽导致了部分细胞的“无辜”死亡。

组织中经常发生细胞溢出现象。损伤、凋亡、死亡的细胞会被组织踢出来,就连正常健康的细胞有时也会被排挤出来。目的是防止局部区域的过度拥挤。细胞溢出现象不仅在组织和器官形成的发育阶段尤其重要,也跟某些疾病(如癌症)的病理发展相关。

生命体是一个有序的整体,从理论上讲,这些正在发育中的细胞或癌症细胞的溢出应该是有先兆的,然而,目前我们仍未找到相关的细胞信号。

如今,来自新加坡生物力学研究所(MBI)和法国Jacques Monod研究所(IJM)、国家科学研究中心(CNRS)、巴黎狄德罗大学,以及英国牛津大学居里研究所的研究学者们从人工培养的单层上皮细胞那里得到了一些重要启示。

细胞层是一个具有物理性破绽的结构,这些破绽导致了部分细胞的“无辜”死亡。

大到细菌、细胞器,小到脂肪分子都有着明确清晰的自然属性。组成组织和器官的细胞也不例外,无论任何种类的的细胞,都存在其固有的形状。相同类型的细胞聚在一起,按照 一定的规矩整齐排列。从某种程度上,我们可以把排列好的上皮细胞想象成液晶片层。

液晶是一种介于固态和液态之间的物质形态。液晶在常态下呈液态能够流动,在某些条件下,液晶也会显示出非常规则的如固体晶体般的分子排列。液晶显示屏的制造便是利用了液晶分子的排列变化能够影响光学性质的属性。但是同其他晶体一样,液晶分子的“完美排列”也是相对的,液晶分子排列上的缺陷强烈影响着整体的物理属性。4月13日发表在《Nature》杂志的这篇文章,向我们展示了细胞层的排列缺陷。

拓扑学解释

博士研究生 Thuan Beng Saw(本文一作),MBI的Chwee Teck Lim教授和Yusuke Toyama副教授,IJM、CNRS、MBI的Benoit Ladoux教授,牛津大学Amin Doostmohammadi博士和Julia M. Yeomans教授,居里研究所Philippe Marcq教授和(MBI),合作发现:与手机或者电脑显示器的液晶分子类似,单层上皮细胞的排列不仅呈膜片状,并且也具有“取向有序”的特点,都是长边对长边、短边对短边状的平行排列成行(如下图A所示)。正因如此,这种类似液晶显示屏的排列方式也存在了“拓扑学缺陷(topological defects)”。位于“屏幕”头部的细胞的方向必须发生偏转,从而与另一行细胞的尾部相连(如下图B所示),有些细胞甚至需要旋转90°角。对液晶屏幕来说,这种单个液晶分子的角度变化仅影响了这部分屏幕的光学属性。而对细胞层来说,便意味着死亡。位于这种排列范围内的细胞都会受到牵连而死,随后被排出组织之外。

研究人员对这些“非整齐”细胞的空间扭曲动力学进行了检测和分析。检测到了集中在细胞片层的头部的压缩力,这种压缩力通常出现在细胞被“排挤”出去前1小时,并且触发了细胞死亡。

细胞通过细胞外基质(主要是蛋白丝和黏着结构)彼此链接,任意一个细胞的位移都会对它旁边的细胞产生一个拉力。与其他部位的细胞不同,细胞层头部的这群细胞在如此布局排列下会产生明显的高压力应激反应。这种应激反应最终引发细胞凋亡(appoptosis)和附近细胞的溢出。

组织医学和再生医学领域的应用

对组织医学和再生医学领域的实验来说,通常要求科学家们必须极为小心的控制细胞增长和组织发育。这项新的发现为实现这些问题的有效控制提供了重要的基础。事实上,科学家们已经通过模仿细胞的拓扑学缺陷,成功地控制了细胞的排列。这项发现不仅让其他研究学者们精确地知道了哪一部分的细胞层可能会出现挤压,并且让我们更清晰的了解生理微环境是如何对组织发育产生影响的,基于这项新方法,未来人们将更好的控制、分析和研究细胞的生长和死亡。

细胞的立体拼图游戏也是门技术。未来,组织医学和再生医学专家们不仅要通晓细胞的生理属性,恐怕还得掌握几门结构力学了。

原始出处:

Saw TB, Doostmohammadi A, Nier V, Kocgozlu L, Thampi S, et al. Topological defects in epithelia govern cell death and extrusion. Nature. 2017 Apr 12.

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    2017-11-12 liye789132251
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    2017-04-18 飛歌

    学习一下很有用

    0

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    2017-04-18 zt123

    你在哪在哪在哪你想你

    0

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    2017-04-18 zt123

    法规和举措。你在哪里!你

    0

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    2017-04-18 狼毒花1982

    学习了感谢分享

    0

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    2017-04-18 shaosai

    好好学习,涨知识

    0

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    2017-04-18 医艺依意

    医学物理学的范畴

    0

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