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Development:逆转录病毒DNA激活对B细胞是致命的

2016-05-19 生物谷 梅斯医学

逆转录病毒DNA整合进宿主基因组,但是它们的表达在正常情形下遭受细胞防御机制的抑制。如今,在一项新的研究中,来自德国慕尼黑大学的的Gunnar Schotta及其研究团队证实当这些防御机制失效时,病毒蛋白的积累可能触发程序性细胞死亡。

逆转录病毒DNA整合进宿主基因组,但是它们的表达在正常情形下遭受细胞防御机制的抑制。如今,在一项新的研究中,来自德国慕尼黑大学的的Gunnar Schotta及其研究团队证实当这些防御机制失效时,病毒蛋白的积累可能触发程序性细胞死亡。相关研究结果于2016年5月17日在线发表在Development期刊上,论文标题为“Retrotransposon derepression leads to activation of the unfolded protein response and apoptosis in pro-B cells”。

哺乳动物DNA含有大量源自逆转录病毒基因组---它们整合进宿主生殖细胞系的DNA,在进化期间能够传递给宿主的后代---的序列。正常情形下,这些逆转录病毒序列因表观遗传修饰而不能发挥功能,因而确保它们不能够产生活的病毒。然而,如果这种沉默机制失效,那么逆转录病毒基因能够破坏宿主有机体的发育和可能导致癌症。

如今,研究人员以免疫系统中产生抗体的B细胞为研究对象,研究了这种逆转录病毒沉默遭受破坏所产生的后果。

B细胞在脊椎动物免疫系统中发挥着至关重要的作用。一种被称作Setdb1的酶负责特异地抑制整合进B细胞基因组中的逆转录病毒基因。它是通过加入一个额外的甲基到B细胞染色体上与这些病毒DNA相关联的多种组蛋白中的一种(即H3K9me3)来做到这点的。Schotta和他的同事们因此想要知道当这种蛋白缺乏时B细胞会发生什么。

Schotta说,“当我们培育出不能表达Setdb1的小鼠突变体时,我们发现这种突变破坏B细胞发育。这些细胞在这种发育过程的早期阶段就死掉,而且没有成熟的B细胞产生。”

充满逆转录病毒蛋白

在不能表达Setdb1的B细胞中,B细胞发育所需的所有基因都能正常地发挥功能,但是除此之外,整合到B细胞基因组上的逆转录病毒序列拷贝的表达受到强烈激活。

Schotta解释道,“正如我们证实的那样,受到影响的这些序列是编码序列。换言之,它们作为逆转录病毒蛋白表达的蓝图。因此,我们猜测它们对B细胞是有害的,导致小鼠突变体中成熟B细胞的缺乏。”

研究人员接着证实了这个猜测。与很多其他类型的细胞相比,B细胞相对较小,它们的蛋白表达能力是相当有限的。进一步的实验揭示出在B细胞突变株中,病毒蛋白的高水平表达触发所谓的未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response, UPR)。当细胞中的蛋白合成速率超过它正确折叠它们的能力时,这种情形就会发生。在这种情形下,错误折叠的蛋白在内质网---一种参与分泌性蛋白表达、折叠和分泌的细胞器---中积累。由此所造成的内质网应激诱导UPR,从而会启动一种降低蛋白合成速率和增加蛋白折叠速率的过程。如果这仍然不能足够地缓解内质网应激,那么细胞会经历凋亡(程序性细胞死亡),就像祖B细胞(pro-B cell,经发育后产生B细胞)突变株中发生的情形。

Schotta说,“事实上,单个逆转录病毒蛋白的产生足以激活UPR,而且这是人类首次证实激活内源性逆转录病毒基因如此严重地破坏宿主细胞以至于这些细胞发生凋亡而被清除。”

原始出处:

Alessandra Pasquarella,et al.Retrotransposon derepression leads to activation of the unfolded protein response and apoptosis in pro-B cells.Development.doi:10.1242/dev.130203

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    2016-06-25 hxj0117
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    2016-06-25 fzwish20000
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    2016-11-02 mjldent
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