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三篇Nature子刊揭示CRISPR-Cas9技术新策略

2016-02-14 佚名 不详

在一项新的研究中,来自美国莱斯大学的研究人员发现新的基因组编辑技术更为准确,而且具有更少的脱靶(off-target)错误。这种新技术是通过改进现有的基因组编辑技术CRISPR-Cas9而实现的。利用这种新技术,研究人员在自然出版集团旗下的Molecular Therapy期刊上发表了三篇论文。 莱斯大学生物工程教授Gang Bao和他的同事们的想法是让能够切割DNA的工程核酸酶在靶

在一项新的研究中,来自美国莱斯大学的研究人员发现新的基因组编辑技术更为准确,而且具有更少的脱靶(off-target)错误。这种新技术是通过改进现有的基因组编辑技术CRISPR-Cas9而实现的。利用这种新技术,研究人员在自然出版集团旗下的Molecular Therapy期刊上发表了三篇论文。

莱斯大学生物工程教授Gang Bao和他的同事们的想法是让能够切割DNA的工程核酸酶在靶标位点(on-target)上的基因编辑能力最大化。尽管几个这样的系统---如锌指核酸酶(ZFN)、转录激活子样效应因子核酸酶(TALEN)和CRISPR-Cas9---已被研究多年,但是过去三年来,利用CRISPR-Cas9进行基因组编辑已吸引了全世界科学家们的目光。

作为细菌的一种自然发生的防御系统,CRISPR-Cas9允许研究人员设计一段短的被称作向导RNA(guide RNA, gRNA)的RNA序列,gRNA能够特异性地结合到细胞中的一段DNA片段上。与gRNA组合在一起的Cas9蛋白酶然后切割这段片段,破坏它或利用模板DNA替换它。

这就是细菌利用CRISPR-Cas9保护自己抵抗疾病的方式。首次接触到入侵者(如噬菌体)会导致细菌将入侵者的基因信息添加到CRISPR中。细菌然后就能识别同样的入侵者的再次入侵,并利用合适的Cas9蛋白酶摧毁它们。

大约在三年前,研究人员便已发现细菌CRISPR-Cas9经改造后能够编辑人细胞中的DNA,比如,以细菌将入侵者的DNA特征序列录入CRISPR中的相同方式,让正常的或者说野生型的序列替换突变的序列。这种技术被视为在疾病建模和治疗、合成生物学和分子通路分析中具有巨大的潜力。

但是除了在正确的位点外,CRISPR-Cas9仍然会在错误的序列(即脱靶位点)进行切割。Bao说,在治疗应用上,CRISPR-Cas9的脱靶切割可能导致很多有害的后果,如癌症产生。

Bao将CRISPR-Cas9描述为编辑基因的纳米剪刀。目前,他正在研究改进CRISPR-Cas9的方法。

他的目标之一就是治疗遗传性疾病镰刀贫血症(sickle cell anemia)。他希望利用CRISPR-Cas9最终治愈这种疾病。但是首先这种治疗方法必须更好地避免在脱靶位点进行切割以免导致不想要的副作用。

在第一和第二篇论文中,研究人员研究了Cas9蛋白不同的直系同源物(ortholog),即与CRISPR/Cas9技术经常用到的酿脓链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes, Spy)具有相同祖先但属于不同种属的Cas9蛋白。

Bao说,“在这两篇论文中,我们的方法就是探索使用不同Cas9直系同源物的可能性。确实存在很多可能性。”

在第一篇论文中,Bao和他的团队在哺乳动物细胞开展实验来描述来自脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseria meningitides, Nme)的CRISPR-Cas9系统。他说,在生物工程师降低脱靶位点编辑风险上,Nme的CRISPR-Cas9与Spy存在差别。

这种差别主要存在于不是靶位点的一部分但在靶位点附近的DNA序列上。这种序列被称作前间区序列邻近基序(protospacer-adjacent motif, PAM),是靶DNA序列的一种标志物,也是Cas9蛋白结合所必需的。在Spy编辑中,PAM序列通常长3个核苷酸。而对Nme而言,所需的PAM序列更加长一些---8个核苷酸。根据研究人员的说法,这意味着Nme的CRISPR-Cas9很可能只有更少的结合位点,而且这些结合位点也很可能是正确的靶位点。他们声称,这可能成为一种更加安全的基因编辑替代选择。

在第二篇论文中,通过与来自德国弗莱堡大学的研究人员合作,研究人员利用另一种细菌的CRISPR-Cas9系统实现了高度特异性的人基因编辑。在这项研究中,Spy Cas9蛋白被来自嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophiles, Sth)的Cas9蛋白替换,其中Sth Cas9也识别更长的PAM序列。在人细胞中开展的测试发现Sth Cas9蛋白具有更为严谨的PAM序列需求因而在避免脱靶效应上比Spy Cas9表现得更好。

Bao和同事们也研究了能够存在于DNA和RNA上的影响靶向切割的凸起效应。当一段序列比gRNA特异性结合的DNA序列长或短一个核苷酸时,凸起就会出现。

他说,“我们发现即便DNA或RNA形成凸出,Cas9蛋白仍然能够切割。这是我们的研究取得的独特贡献。没有人观察这种情形,但是我们证实了这一点。也因此,我们开发出一种基于网路的工具来寻找潜在的含有错配碱基、RNA凸起或DNA凸起的脱靶位点。”

Bao注意到,不同于Spy,Nme Cas9蛋白和Sth Cas9蛋白足够小而能够被包装到腺相关病毒(AAV)中以便转运到动物的特定细胞中用于治疗。他说,“这是另一项优势,也是我们想继续研究这两种系统的原因。”

第三篇论文是对当前的CRISPR-Cas9技术进行综述,着重关注可获得的用于靶标选择、实验性方法和验证的基因组编辑工具。Bao和他的团队也列出仍待解决的以便消除脱靶效应的一系列挑战。

他说,他所取得的进展部分上是由于他研究两种新的细菌CRISPR-Cas9系统以及以下事实:在实验室中,CRISPR-Cas9比诸如TALEN和ZFN之类的其他基因组编辑系统更为容易执行。

Bao说,不同于这些较早出现的基因组编辑技术,CRISPR-Cas9更便于学生们在短时间内学习和使用。

Bao希望让他的实验室成为德州医学中心基因组编辑的焦点。为此,去年12月在莱斯大学生物科学研究合作计划(BioScience Research Collaborative, BMC)精心举办的研讨会上,他将德州医学中心基因组编辑领域的科学家们聚集在一起。

他说,“我们进行了大量讨论。我想要推动的一件事情就是将德州医学中心使用CRISPR的很多实验室之间建立一种合作关系。这些实验室需要设计CRISPR系统用于不同的目的,但是都存在许多相同的问题。如果我们携手努力,那么将会更容易解决这些问题。”

原始出处:

Ciaran M. Lee1, Thomas J. Cradick2,# and Gang Bao1.The Neisseria meningitidis CRISPR-Cas9 System Enables Specific Genome Editing in Mammalian Cells.doi:10.1038/mt.2016.8

Maximilian Müller, Ciaran M Lee, Giedrius Gasiunas, Timothy H Davis, Thomas J Cradick, Virginijus Siksnys, Gang Bao, Toni Cathomen and Claudio Mussolino.Streptococcus thermophilus CRISPR-Cas9 Systems Enable Specific Editing of the Human Genome.doi:10.1038/mt.2015.218

Ciaran M. Lee1, Thomas J. Cradick2, Eli J Fine3 and Gang Bao1.Nuclease Target Site Selection for Maximizing On-target Activity and Minimizing Off-target Effects in Genome Editing.doi:10.1038/mt.2016.1

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    2016-12-14 hb2008ye
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    2016-02-16 yuandd
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    2016-02-16 respect
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    2016-02-16 yaanren

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