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Nature;易致SHH型髓母细胞瘤的“罪魁祸首”找到了!

2020-04-04 竹子 转化医学网

近日,由圣裘德儿童研究医院、欧洲分子生物学实验室和德国癌症研究中心的研究人员领导的研究小组已鉴定出一种新型遗传基因,该基因便是儿童易患SHH型髓母细胞瘤(MBSHH)的“罪魁祸首”。

髓母细胞瘤(MB)是儿童常见的恶性肿瘤,占儿童颅内肿瘤的15%-20%,大约有85%的髓母细胞瘤都发生于18岁以下。目前公认的髓母细胞瘤的分子亚型主要有4型:WNT型、SHH型、3型和4型。其中以SHH型最为常见,占小儿髓母细胞瘤的30%。SHH型MB形成的原因很多,肿瘤遗传学研究人员从儿科患者的遗传易感性基因的角度切入研究,有了新的发现。

近日,由圣裘德儿童研究医院、欧洲分子生物学实验室和德国癌症研究中心的研究人员领导的研究小组已鉴定出一种新型遗传基因,该基因便是儿童易患SHH型髓母细胞瘤(MBSHH)的“罪魁祸首”。这项研究发表在《自然》杂志上。

研究人员说,他们分析了髓母细胞瘤中的所有蛋白质编码基因,并在14%的MBSHH儿科患者中发现了跨ELP1基因的罕见种系丧失功能(LOF)变异。他们发现ELP1是最常见的髓母细胞瘤易感基因,并将具有该特定亚组的儿科患者的遗传易感性增加到40%。

圣裘德发育神经生物学系研究员保罗·诺斯科特(Paul Northcott)在一份声明中说,科学证据以及患者和家属的经历表明,遗传突变可能比之前认为的还要发挥更大的作用。通过寻找超出通常怀疑范围的基因,他们未发现SHH型髓母细胞瘤中具有遗传突变的重要部分。

圣裘德肿瘤学家吉尔斯·罗宾逊(Giles Robinson)补充说,ELP1并不算是提供给患者和家属的常规基因检测的一部分,但是这项工作表明,它应被包括在髓母细胞瘤中。

为了确定除已建立的癌症易感基因之外的髓母细胞瘤的遗传易感性,研究人员调查了713名小儿髓母细胞瘤患者,CEFALO研究(对7岁-19岁间脑肿瘤患儿做的国际研究)的288名无癌症儿童的队列中所有常染色体蛋白编码基因的种系LOF变异,以及来自遗传资源数据库(gnomAD)的118479名无癌成人。

e-h:病例对照种系罕见的LOF变异关联分析在小儿髓母细胞瘤亚组和成人对照(gnomAD)中的应用负荷测试(双面Fisher精确检验)。

他们发现MBSHH患者的种系ELP1 LOF变异体是杂合的,分布在整个基因序列中,在一般人群中非常罕见。在发现队列中,种系ELP1变异体占MBSHH患者的13%。但是,只有0.18%(542名患者中有1名)有WNT型髓母细胞瘤,3型或4型髓母细胞瘤的患者也表现出系种系ELP1变异。

后者的频率与无癌成人种系ELP1 LOF变异体的低负担(118.479位中的0.1%,114位)一致,因此进一步表明ELP1是MBSHH特异性的易感基因。

研究人员说,对两个大系列的514名小儿癌症患者和2,272名成年癌症患者的进一步分析进一步证实,种系ELP1 LOF变异体与MBSHH密切相关。他们还根据来自两个预期患者系列的31位患者,复制了种系ELP1 LOF变异与小儿MBHH之间的关联。

总体而言,种系ELP1 LOF变异体占所有MBSHH儿科患者的14.4%(202个中的29%),这大大超过了已知的MBSHH易感基因中的致病性种系变异体的负担。基于全外显子组测序,在三个亲子后代三重奏中证实了病原种系ELP1 LOF变异的遗传。

研究人员得出结论,这些发现进一步证实了MBSHH患儿的遗传易感性较高,并为实施针对受影响患者和家庭的基因检测和监测计划提供了基础。

他们为将遗传研究扩展到已知的癌症易感基因之外提供了强有力的理由,并促使人们继续研究转录放松管制在癌症中的作用,以及其作为分子指导干预目标的潜在效用。

原始出处:Sebastian?M. Waszak, Giles?W, Robinson, Brian L. Gudenas, et al. Germline Elongator mutations in Sonic Hedgehog medulloblastoma. Nature. 01 April 2020

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    2020-08-30 liye789132251
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