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CRRT抗凝策略如何个体化?

2016-07-30 光啊啊 医学界急诊与重症频道

急性肾损伤(AKI)在心脏外科术后发生率为 15% - 40%,AKI 患者中接受肾脏替代治疗者占 1/5,因此有效的抗凝策略成为连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)中的一个重要问题。理想的血滤抗凝策略要保证有效性、安全性、可控性和不激活炎症反应。那么抗凝方式有哪些选择、分别有怎样的特点呢?肝素1. 肝素抗凝是目前 CRRT 中应用最广泛的抗凝药,通过活化抗凝血酶发挥作用,在体内、外均有抗凝作用,操作简

急性肾损伤(AKI)在心脏外科术后发生率为 15% - 40%,AKI 患者中接受肾脏替代治疗者占 1/5,因此有效的抗凝策略成为连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)中的一个重要问题。


理想的血滤抗凝策略要保证有效性、安全性、可控性和不激活炎症反应。那么抗凝方式有哪些选择、分别有怎样的特点呢?


肝素


1. 肝素抗凝是目前 CRRT 中应用最广泛的抗凝药,通过活化抗凝血酶发挥作用,在体内、外均有抗凝作用,操作简单,建议通过监测活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)指导 CRRT 抗凝程度,过量时可快速有效中和。


2. 重症患者肝素抗凝也存在风险。主要包括三方面:


① 抗凝效果具有个体差异或有肝素抵抗现象。


② 外科手术后 CRRT 肝素抗凝出血事件发生率为10%-50%,APTT 为 15-35s,出血发生率为 2.9 ± 1.0/1000 h,APTT 为 45 - 55s,出血发生率几乎增加 3 倍,至 7.4 ± 2.4/1000h。


③ 容易发生肝素诱导性血小板减少症(HIT)。


低分子肝素


1. 低分子肝素是普通肝素化学分离制备的短链制剂,主要通过抗X因子活动产生效果,与肝素相比引发出血几率较低。


2. 但低分子肝素用于CRRT抗凝也有潜在问题,包括无法通过APTT或激活全血凝固时间(ACT)监测明确其抗凝程度、半衰期长、鱼精蛋白不能充分中和。


枸橼酸局部抗凝


1. 枸橼酸具有金属离子络合能力,对 Ca2+、Mg2+ 等金属离子具有良好的络合能力,对其他金属离子,如 Fe2+ 等离子也有很好的络合能力。


2. 患者肝功能恶化或有肝功能衰竭时是不能用枸橼酸钠的,因为它进入肝脏、肌肉和肾脏皮质通过三羧酸循环代谢。这点要关注!


3. 枸橼酸抗凝的优点是出血危险减少、滤器寿命延长、不出现肝素诱导血小板、仅限于体外抗凝等,缺点是管理复杂、操作繁琐、监测指标多、临床方案不统一、会出现代谢并发症、枸橼酸蓄积中毒等。


4. 枸橼酸抗凝常见并发症有低离子钙血症、枸橼酸中毒、代谢性酸碱紊乱、高钠血症。


其他抗凝方法


包括前列环素、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂、低分子葡糖胺聚糖、水蛭素等,但临床应用较少,其安全性和有效性缺乏大样本对照研究。


心脏外科术后凝血功能具有一定特点,比如深低温、体外循环及术中失血影响凝血功能;术后抗血小板及华法林抗凝治疗;病情重、合并凝血功能障碍;肝素抗凝增加心脏外科术后出血风险。对于这类高出血风险患者,无肝素抗凝可获得不劣于肝素抗凝的治疗效果,局部枸橼酸抗凝在血滤治疗中也具有较好的有效性和安全性。


注:本文整理自2016年“第五届中国心脏重症大会” 中国医学科学院阜外医院SICU陈祖君副主任医师的演讲。

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    2016-08-01 zhouqu_8
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    2016-07-31 onetree

    出凝血学问大,但是没有前途

    0

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