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手术治疗局部晚期原发性胸腺腺癌一例

2019-05-20 赵凯 夏宗江 王旭广 郑州大学学报(医学版)

患者, 38 岁,女,就诊前 3 个月,自 觉晨起眼睑浮肿,日间正常,未在意; 随后眼睑水肿 持续时间变长,同时出现脸部水肿,颈部血管充盈扩 张;情绪激动时加重,夜间平卧逐渐受限。入院前 1 周,脸浮肿加重,出现胸部紧缩感,胸背部疼痛等症 状;无眼睑下垂、咀嚼无力、吞咽困难、乏力等重症肌 无力症状;体格检查无特殊异常,既往体健。胸部增 强 CT 发现前纵隔有一约52 mm ×49 mm 大小软组

患者资料

患者,38岁,女,就诊前3个月,自觉晨起眼睑浮肿,日间正常,未在意;随后眼睑水肿持续时间变长,同时出现脸部水肿,颈部血管充盈扩张;情绪激动时加重,夜间平卧逐渐受限。入院前1周,脸浮肿加重,出现胸部紧缩感,胸背部疼痛等症状;无眼睑下垂、咀嚼无力、吞咽困难、乏力等重症肌无力症状;体格检查无特殊异常,既往体健。胸部增强CT发现前纵隔有一约52mm×49mm大小软组织肿块,密度不均,可见点状钙化灶,肿块包绕主动脉弓,压迫上腔静脉(图1)。术前完善检查:腹部CT、腹部及盆腔超声、脑平扫均未发现其他肿瘤性病变。血清肿瘤标志物CEA、CA19-9、AFP及β-hCG等均在正常范围。



手术方式 

因患者症状逐渐加重,日渐影响日常生活,经心胸外科治疗组讨论并征得患者及家属同意后,对患者实施了胸腺扩大切除术并上腔静脉置换。常规麻醉插管、消毒铺巾,胸骨正中切口,术中可见肿瘤广泛侵犯周围组织及器官(右侧胸膜及膈神经、右肺上叶及上肺静脉;左无名静脉、上腔静脉及奇静脉汇入上腔静脉部分;部分右心房及心包)。切除肉眼所见原发病灶全部病变组织及受侵胸膜、心包、受侵右上肺叶及左无名静脉,并行上腔静脉切除、“Y”型人工血管置换术”,其中“Y”型血管腔静脉端吻合于右心房,端端吻合“Y”型血管一臂于奇静脉,一臂于右头臂静脉。

组织病理学和免疫组织化学结果

术后病理证实为腺癌,HE染色(图2)显示为混合型腺癌,既有管状结构区(肿瘤细胞中度分化,呈管状排列);也有黏液区(于大片的黏液背景中,有呈岛状和缎带样的异型增生细胞团),以管状结构为主。CK20、CDX-2免疫组化染色阳性(图3)。



2 讨论 

胸腺腺癌于1989年首次报道,2004年WHO将胸腺腺癌分为乳头状及非乳头状腺癌。随着2015年新版胸腺肿瘤分类的颁布,人们对胸腺腺癌的认识逐渐加深。截至目前,文献对胸腺腺癌临床特点及病理类型报道84例;其中,仅2015年以来便有38例,表明胸腺腺癌越来越受到人们重视。84例胸腺腺癌报道中男性48例,女性36例,男女比为1.3∶1.0。发病年龄15~82岁,以50~60岁及60~70岁段发病构成比最高,分别为32.14%(27/84)、23.81%(20/84)。患者所属地区以日本、美国、韩国、中国多见,分别为30、21、15、7例。亚洲地区共有55例,占67.9%,提示有一定的地区差异。

临床表现无明显特异性,以无明显临床症状(26/84)最常见,多为体检或偶然发现;有症状者,以胸痛(25/84)、咳嗽(12/84)多见,少数以胸骨旁彭隆、声嘶、肩部疼痛、吞咽困难、乏力背部僵硬等为首发症状。文献中共32例腺癌患者行血清肿瘤标志物检测,异常者17例,其中CEA和(或)CA19-9阳性者14例,占比43.75%,提示CEA和CA19-9的联合检测可能对胸腺腺癌的诊断具有一定价值。84例患者以新版分类标准重新归类:乳头状腺癌17例(20.24%)、腺样囊性癌样瘤7例(8.33%)、黏液腺癌32例(36.9%)、非特殊类型腺癌12例(16.67%),其他未明确病理类型16例。早期报道的胸腺腺癌以乳头状腺癌多见,而近年以黏液腺癌报道居多,考虑因早期受病理技术发展制约和普遍对胸腺腺癌认识不足所致。此外,近些年肠型腺癌作为一种新的亚型被提出,本文将文献中CK20及CDX-2这两种腺癌肠型分化标记物的情况进行了统计,其中黏液腺癌和未分类腺癌中有35例行CK20、CDX-2免疫组化染色,患者染色结果同时阳性21例。有学者认为新分类里的黏液腺癌和未分类腺癌均具有肠型腺癌分化的特点。对有肠型分化特点的胸腺腺癌的认识有助于对胸腺癌和肠道以及其他部位转移性黏液腺癌进行鉴别诊断。Tseng等及Eom等指出胸腺癌侵犯大血管常提示预后不良。胸腺腺癌相对罕见,其治疗方案更难以总结。本文复习侵犯上腔静脉的10例胸腺腺癌相关文献,除2例远处转移不可切除外,其余8例均选择手术治疗,其中1例右前纵隔巨大肿块压迫气管移位的82岁高龄患者因手术并发症死亡,其余患者手术均安全有效。所有病灶及周围受侵组织与器官均完全切除。文献中手术患者分为两种情况,一类是术前评估病灶可完全切除可直接手术切除;另一类是术前评估病灶不可完全切除或直接切除风险较高,则术前诱导治疗2~4周期。3例术前接受诱导治疗的均选择了同步放化疗,1例术后继续术前方案辅助治疗,1例后续治疗未知,1例术后无辅助治疗。以上3例患者,随访的12、30、53个月均无复发。4例直接手术的患者术后均接受不同程度辅助治疗,但1a内有3例出现远处转移。有研究将213例胸腺癌患者,按不同治疗方式分组,结果显示术前接受诱导治疗者并无统计学意义。Wang等及Moreira等发现,较胸腺瘤而言,胸腺癌更易发生基因突变,且以TP53突变最常见;有TP53基因突变的患者预后更差。因此,对于TP53基因突变的患者,更应该制定详细有效的治疗
方案。

总之,原发性胸腺腺癌非常罕见,对于侵犯上腔静脉的局部晚期患者,应积极手术,同时结合辅助治疗以提高患者预后情况。另外,CEA及CA19-9的血清学检测对胸腺腺癌诊断具有一定提示作用;CK20、CDX-2的免疫组化检测有助于胸腺腺癌与肠道以及其他部位转移性腺癌进行鉴别诊断。

原始出处:

赵凯,夏宗江,王旭广,赵国昌,赵文增,文冰.手术治疗局部晚期原发性胸腺腺癌一例并文献复习[J].郑州大学学报(医学版),2019,54(01):144-147.

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    2019-05-22 chg122

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