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急性肺栓塞溶栓治疗致猝死 提醒临床医生……

2017-11-01 熊长明 肺血管病

急性肺栓塞是一种高发病率和高死亡率的心血管急症,早期诊断和治疗可以明显降低病死率。溶栓治疗是急性肺栓塞重要的治疗措施。溶栓治疗的主要并发症是出血,但溶栓治疗过程中发生猝死少有报道,本文结合2例急性肺栓塞溶栓治疗过程中发生的猝死临床资料,探讨急性肺栓塞溶栓过程中发生猝死的原因,旨在加强对急性肺栓塞溶栓疗法所致严重不良事件的认识。

急性肺栓塞是一种高发病率和高死亡率的心血管急症,早期诊断和治疗可以明显降低病死率。溶栓治疗是急性肺栓塞重要的治疗措施。溶栓治疗的主要并发症是出血,但溶栓治疗过程中发生猝死少有报道,本文结合2例急性肺栓塞溶栓治疗过程中发生的猝死临床资料,探讨急性肺栓塞溶栓过程中发生猝死的原因,旨在加强对急性肺栓塞溶栓疗法所致严重不良事件的认识。

临床资料】

例1 患者,女,61岁。因活动后胸闷,气短40余天,加重6天入院。

查体:BP 120/80mmHg,HR 80次/分,A2<P2,胸骨左缘4肋间闻及3/6级收缩期杂音。心电图(图52-1):窦性心动过速,QⅢTⅢ(Ⅲ导联呈Q波及T波倒置),顺钟向转位;超声心动图提示右心扩大,右心室前后径40mm,估测肺动脉收缩压50mmHg,左心室舒张末内径35mm,EF 50%;肺动脉增强CT(图52-2)提示两肺多发肺栓塞,N末端脑钠肽原(NT-PROBNP)985.3pg/ml;凝血指标:凝血酶原时间(PT)16.3秒,部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)49.1秒,INR 1.36;动脉血气分析:pH 7.54,PCO2 26.8mmHg,PO2 64mmHg;D-二聚体:1.84μg/ml;下肢血管多普勒超声提示右下肢股浅静脉血栓形成。既往体健,无药物和食物过敏史。根据临床表现及相关检查,确诊为急性肺栓塞,肺动脉高压。


图52-1 心电图:窦性心动过速,QⅢTⅢ(Ⅲ导联呈Q波及T波倒置),顺钟向转位


图52-2 肺动脉增强CT:主肺动脉及左右肺动脉可见大量充盈缺损,诊断:两肺多发肺栓塞

例2 患者,男,29岁。因活动后胸闷半个月,胸痛2天入院。1个月前曾出现右下肢肿胀疼痛。

查体:BP 100/80mmHg,HR 115次/分,右下肢肿胀。心电图(图52-3)示SⅠQⅢTⅢ(Ⅰ导联呈S波﹑Ⅲ导联呈Q波及T波倒置),不完全性右束支传导阻滞,窦性心动过速,顺钟向转位;超声心动图提示右心室扩大,右心室前后径33mm,左心室舒张末内径41mm,EF 65%,估测肺动脉收缩压56mmHg,NTPROBNP 570.8 pg/ml;D-二聚体 4.71μg/ml;凝血指标:PT 13.9秒;APTT 43.4秒,INR 1.08;血气分析:pH 7.43,PCO2 27.40mmHg,PO2 70.10mmHg;肺动脉增强CT(图52-4)提示两肺多发肺栓塞,累及左右肺动脉主干;下肢血管多普勒超声提示股静脉血栓形成。根据病史体征及相关检查诊断为急性肺栓塞,肺动脉高压。


图52-3 心电图:呈SⅠQⅢTⅢ型(Ⅰ导联呈S波﹑Ⅲ导联呈Q波及T波倒置),不完全性右束支传导阻滞,窦性心动过速,顺钟向转位


图52-4 肺动脉增强CT:主肺动脉及左右肺动脉可见大量充盈缺损,诊断:两肺多发肺栓塞

治疗结果:2例患者根据临床表现及相关检查确诊为急性肺栓塞,肺动脉高压。属中危患者,选择静脉溶栓治疗。

女性患者接受尿激酶溶栓,给予2万U/kg,静脉2小时持续泵入溶栓方案,溶栓半小时后患者突感喘憋,呼吸急促,烦躁不安,继而意识丧失,口唇发绀,呼吸微弱,心电图为室性逸搏心律,心室率28次/分,血压测不到,因不能除外尿激酶过敏,遂立即停用尿激酶,并给予心肺复苏,血压仍然测不到,床旁超声心动图提示右心明显扩大,考虑患者病情突然恶化可能与静脉血栓再脱落使肺栓塞加重有关,立即静脉推注尿激酶,仍然无效果。最后患者死亡。

男性患者接受重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)溶栓,给予50mg,2小时静脉泵入溶栓方案,溶栓1小时后患者呼吸困难加重,HR 120次/分,BP 70/50mmHg,给予多巴胺等升压药。考虑患者病情突然恶化可能与静脉血栓再脱落使肺栓塞加重有关,继续溶栓,并行紧急导管溶栓,肺动脉造影显示双侧肺动脉无血流,虽经全力抢救,最后患者死亡。

【讨论】

2008年欧洲心脏学会制定的“急性肺栓塞诊断和治疗指南”强调基于急性肺栓塞相关早期死亡风险进行危险分层。危险分层的主要根据为是否存在休克或低血压﹑是否存在右心功能不全(如右心扩大﹑右心压力负荷过重﹑B型利钠肽或N端B型脑钠肽原升高)﹑心肌损伤标志物(心脏肌钙蛋白T 或I 阳性)是否异常升高。对于休克和(或)持续低血压的高危肺栓塞患者,如无绝对禁忌证,首选溶栓治疗;对非高危患者不推荐常规溶栓治疗,但伴有右心功能不全﹑心肌损伤或肺动脉高压的中危患者,有着中度的肺栓塞相关的早期死亡风险,有研究表明其死亡率是3%~15%,在全面考虑出血风险后,可给予溶栓治疗。一项登记注册研究结论提出,早期溶栓能使急性肺栓塞中危患者死亡率降低58%,早期溶栓加抗凝治疗比单纯给予抗凝治疗更能降低住院期间总死亡率及减少肺栓塞复发,且无较高的致命性大出血的风险。该研究还指出,肺栓塞的复发主要与下肢深静脉血栓,尤其是近端血栓的形成有关。而又有研究表明,下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)是急性肺栓塞患者确诊后3个月内死亡的独立危险因素,下肢彩色多普勒超声可明确下肢静脉血栓的解剖部位及血流特征,预测肺栓塞。提示做下肢静脉多普勒超声监测是否存在DVT应作为判断急性肺栓塞患者预后以及做危险分层的重要考量指标。可见,对中危患者中合并有DVT的溶栓治疗应更为谨慎,有下肢深静脉血栓脱落再发肺栓塞的风险,需权衡溶栓的获益与风险。

本文两例患者入院时血流动力学稳定,但右心明显扩大,肺动脉高压,属于中危患者,但两例肺动脉增强CT均提示双肺动脉内大量血栓,发病时间短,症状重,且无溶栓禁忌,因此选择溶栓治疗。第一例患者因经济原因选择了尿激酶。

尿激酶和rt-PA是临床常用溶栓剂,最主要的不良反应是出血,甚至是危及生命的大出血,还可引起恶心﹑呕吐等消化道症状,尿激酶偶有过敏反应报道,但rt-PA过敏反应未见报道。小样本研究表明,rt-PA的有效性及安全性优于尿激酶。两例患者在溶栓过程中突发呼吸和循环衰竭,甚至死亡。导致猝死的原因可能有以下几种可能:①大出血,尤其是致命性的颅内出血。但两例患者无溶栓禁忌,亦无出血倾向,病情加重后无神经系统受累的相应症状和体征,不支持大出血导致猝死。②过敏性休克,尿激酶本身无抗原性,其所致的变态反应是过敏样反应,无刺激性抗原及IgE的参与,尿激酶可直接刺激肥大细胞﹑嗜碱性粒细胞等释放炎症介质引发过敏样反应。国内外已有尿激酶溶栓引发过敏性休克的报道,尚无rt-PA溶栓引发过敏反应的报道。但两例患者溶栓过程中未见皮肤瘙痒﹑荨麻疹等过敏征象,既往亦无过敏病史,似乎不支持过敏性休克所致猝死。③溶栓过程中下肢近端深静脉血栓脱落导致肺动脉堵塞加重,使血流动力学急剧恶化,继而呼吸和循环衰竭,甚至死亡;两例患者均存在下肢近端深静脉血栓形成,整个发病过程迅速,不可逆,且对抢救治疗无反应。因此笔者以为这是引起两例患者溶栓过程中猝死的最可能的原因。

两例患者溶栓过程中猝死很可能是由于下肢深静脉血栓再脱落导致肺栓塞加重,使血流动力学急剧恶化。这提醒临床医师对于伴有下肢近端深静脉血栓形成的患者,在进行溶栓时要充分考虑到血栓再脱落加重肺动脉堵塞的风险。针对这类患者各国指南并没有建议在溶栓前植入下腔静脉滤网,那么植入下腔静脉临时滤网是否可以降低溶栓过程中静脉血栓脱落加重肺动脉堵塞的风险,值得进一步研究。用尿激酶溶栓者,可考虑用药前肌注苯海拉明或地塞米松以预防过敏反应的发生,将风险降到最小。

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    2017-11-29 hanmeijinxiu

    非常好的病例分享.学习了.谢谢!

    0

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    2017-11-03 lqvr
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=265455, encodeId=995f26545533, content=非常好的病例分享.学习了.谢谢!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=112, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIxvMP6OXzUiaGH5MkDQlW0hczROZxec1gZjfZ52EtN6aG9t0uDZq2A5xmf9FWMa4tZib4qoYnledFg/132, createdBy=9d6c2167401, createdName=hanmeijinxiu, createdTime=Wed Nov 29 23:35:04 CST 2017, time=2017-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1323478, encodeId=eb1a13234e89e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a94a52391e7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#急性肺栓塞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52391, encryptionId=a94a52391e7, topicName=急性肺栓塞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJnkE6UvGFfMS41qV0RicWvVTTeLMicqibeZH5GqO4YhNicyl1Y9jFhylIUBn9ntPYy9jhk5hrfic5cRYw/132, createdBy=5f822500020, createdName=ms5236388012055669, createdTime=Fri Nov 03 03:10:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1418555, encodeId=a0981418555ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b88266482f7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#溶栓治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66482, encryptionId=b88266482f7, topicName=溶栓治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=00673387794, createdName=lqvr, createdTime=Fri Nov 03 03:10:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1554779, encodeId=4ea01554e796f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=550522e2957' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床医生#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22729, encryptionId=550522e2957, topicName=临床医生)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=453f14553881, createdName=xiaoyeshuang, createdTime=Fri Nov 03 03:10:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=257812, encodeId=799425e81243, content=学习了谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo5nmIH5IQqCKjJgSCuicPWUWOUcdqt1ROPnEiaOYN4pSHibDv8la3OxNLalvuvUXn8clpJlrpuyTpckgt9OPkeSSdT/0, createdBy=8fd71930726, createdName=半夏微凉, createdTime=Wed Nov 01 15:33:24 CST 2017, time=2017-11-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=257787, encodeId=5a6e25e7878d, content=增长知识了.谢谢分享., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=98, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/01/26/d000a21d537dac4c2944d0e9d0144135.jpg, createdBy=6d712140785, createdName=AAAAA-郑富文, createdTime=Wed Nov 01 12:32:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-01, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2017-11-01 半夏微凉

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-11-01 AAAAA-郑富文

    增长知识了.谢谢分享.

    0

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北京大学临床研究所、乔治全球健康研究院武阳丰教授等报告,我国出院时处方了他汀类药物(他汀)的急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者,出院6个月时他汀应用率降至了72%。

急性胸痛:抢救过程分秒必争

患者以用力后突发胸痛、心悸为突出表现,急诊处理应以急性胸痛的诊治流程进行。具体步骤是什么?关于宽QRS波心动过速的诊断,有哪些鉴别方法?

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