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哈佛“大神”全新Cell:“魔剪”CRISPR为何越来越“牛”?

2016-11-22 佚名 生物探索

上周,“中国进行全球首个基于CRISPR的临床试验”、“CRISPR首次实现可任意编辑非分裂细胞”两条新闻让这一颠覆性的技术再次备受瞩目。今天,小编要为大家介绍一篇最新发表在Cell杂志上的CRISPR综述,带大家了解这一技术的修炼升级过程。这一文章的通讯作者是该领域的一位“大神”——David R. Liu。David R. Liu现为哈佛大学化学与化学生物学教授、Howard Hughes

上周,“中国进行全球首个基于CRISPR的临床试验”、“CRISPR首次实现可任意编辑非分裂细胞”两条新闻让这一颠覆性的技术再次备受瞩目。今天,小编要为大家介绍一篇最新发表在Cell杂志上的CRISPR综述,带大家了解这一技术的修炼升级过程。这一文章的通讯作者是该领域的一位“大神”——David R. Liu。

David R. Liu现为哈佛大学化学与化学生物学教授、Howard Hughes医学研究所研究员、Broad研究所Associate Member。他与张锋、George Church等人是纳斯达克CRISPR“第一股”Editas公司的联合创始人。

笔者曾在《揭秘被IPO刷屏的Editas!除了张锋,背后“顶级学术大牛”还有他们……》一文中介绍过David R. Liu近几年发表的基因编辑论文。今年4月20日,他以通讯作者的身份在Nature杂志上(论文题目:Targeted nucleotide editing using hybrid prokaryotic and vertebrate adaptive immune systems)发表了基因编辑领域一项重要成果,实现了CRISPR只“剪”单个碱基的突破。

Liu表示,这些点突变非常重要。事实证明,大多数与遗传变异相关的疾病都是点突变。现有的遗传方法对修复点突变都不是非常有效。今年8月和10月,Science和Nature Methods上相继发表了2篇类似的研究成果,为CRISPR只剪单个碱基的功能提供了更多的证据。
“大神”Cell新综述

今天再提这位“大神”是因为他11月17日在Cell杂志上发表了一篇新的CRISPR综述(题目:CRISPR-Based Technologies for the Manipulation of Eukaryotic Genomes),汇总了能够实现哺乳动物基因组编辑的、基于CRISPR的技术,以及这些技术的多种应用,强调了基因编辑技术在基础研究、生物技术、疾病治疗等方面的一些显著进展。

能够向基因组DNA序列中引入理想变化的基因编辑技术引发了生物医学的革命,为治疗许多人类疾病带来了可能。理想的基因编辑工具是能够以非常高的效率以及DNA序列特异性编辑任何基因位点,且带来很少(或者没有)不希望产生的副“产品”。目前,这样一个理想的工具还未被开发出来,也不太可能存在于自然界中。因为,自然存在的基因编辑蛋白经过进化后只获得了部分相关的功能,如调节基因表达或预防病毒感染。因此,研究人员认识到,他们需要开发新的工具,增加基因编辑的范围和有效性,改善在真核细胞和人类疾病动物模型中的应用。近期,科学家们已经在实现这一目标的道路上取得了显著的进步。

基因编辑发展历程

最早期的基因编辑研究与内源性细胞同源重组修复途径有关。这一途径能够被用于替换活细胞中一小部分基因组。要想使用这一基因编辑策略,外源DNA序列必须与目标DNA位点具有同源性。不过,这一初级版的基因编辑技术效率非常低,且会诱发不良的基因编辑事件。相比整合到预期位点,外源DNA序列更频繁地插入到了基因组的随机位置。
Figure 1. Genome Editing UsingDoubleStranded Breaks

图片来源:Cell

1989年和1994年相继发表的两项研究在克服这一技术的限制性方面取得了关键的进展。研究发现,使用meganuclease(一种能够识别和切割长DNA序列的核酸内切酶)引入双链断裂(double-stranded break,DSB)到基因组位点中能够刺激同源驱动的DNA整合(图1A)。这种‘‘homology-directed repair’’(HDR)策略增加了基因编辑的有效性。

然而,尽管在这方面有了突破,但彼时的基因组编辑依然有2个主要的缺点。第一,非同源末端连接(non-homologous end joining,NHEJ)也会发生在DSBs位置,且通常比HDR更有效,这会导致在目标位置发生随机插入和删除(图1A)。克服这一障碍是当前研究的热点,在这一综述中,作者们也进行了讨论。

第二,meganuclease切割特定目标位置的几率很小。为了解决这一问题,研究人员转向了锌指核酸酶(zinc-finger nucleases,ZFNs)和转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶(transcription-activator-like effector nucleases ,TALENs)。研究表明,经设计的ZFNs 和TALENs在编辑目标基因组位点中表现出了极高的特异性(图1B)。它们与近几年出现的CRISPR-Cas9技术组成了基因编辑工具的三大家族。

7大主要内容

CRISPR-Cas9的亮相对生命科学领域产生了革命性的影响,使得科学家们能够快速发现新基因的功能,开发新的细胞和动物模型,并在开发人类疾病疗法中取得了实质性的进展。综述正文主要包括7个部分的内容,以下是各部分内容简介:

第1部分内容中,作者们列举了用于多种哺乳动物基因组编辑的、天然的CRISPR核酸酶(表1)。
第2-4部分内容中,作者们列举了扩大Cas9靶向范围、提高DNA特异性(图2)以及产物选择性(图3)相关的研究进展。
Figure 2. Strategies for Improving the DNA Specificity of CRISPR-Based Agents

图片来源:Cell
Figure 3. Approaches that Improve the Product Selectivity of Genome-Editing Agents

图片来源:Cell

第5部分内容中,作者们指出,为了改变给定基因组的DNA序列,研究人员也已开始编辑表观基因组(图4)。
Figure 4. CRISPR-Based Epigenome Editing

图片来源:Cell

第6部分内容中,作者们讨论了基因编辑系统的导入问题。文章称,这依然是基因编辑很多应用的重大阻碍(图5)。
Figure 5. Strategies for In Vivo Delivery of CRISPR-Based Genome-Editing Agents

图片来源:Cell

第7部分内容中,作者们总结了基于CRISPR的基因编辑技术的多种应用,包括疾病治疗研究、高通量基因筛查、Gene Drives等。

结论

CIRSPR的发现和表征改变了基因编辑和生命科学,而不断升级的新型CRISPR技术的发展加速了这一转变。它们的出现使得研究人员拥有了研究活体系统以及人类疾病强有力的工具。值得注意的是,随着这些技术应该范围以及能力的增长,道德和监管指南也必须随之建立。这样才能确保合理利用这类技术为人类带来益处与滥用带来风险之间的平衡。

原始出处:
Alexis C. Komor, Ahmed H. Badran, David R.et al.CRISPR-Based Technologies for the Manipulation of Eukaryotic Genomes.Cell.November 17, 2016.

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    2016-12-09 维他命
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    2016-11-24 amyloid
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    2016-11-22 stomach

    昨天看了报道,中国在用CRISPR-cas9进行基因编辑也取得了卓越的成就。

    0

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