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X线诊断要点:胃肠道急腹症丨必须搞清楚的几个问题!

2022-08-21 放射沙龙 放射沙龙

胃肠道急性穿孔的病因:1胃和十二指肠穿2小肠穿孔3大肠穿孔4阑尾炎穿孔

胃肠道急性穿孔的病因有哪些?

① 胃和十二指肠穿孔:见于溃疡、癌肿、医源性穿孔和自发性穿孔;

② 小肠穿孔:见于外伤、结核、急性坏死性肠炎、憩室炎、肿瘤等,饱食后腹部轻度外伤亦可导致小肠破裂;

⑧ 大肠穿孔:见于溃疡性结肠炎、癌肿、外伤、医源性;

④ 阑尾炎穿孔。

气腹有何X线表现?

① 一般表现:立位或坐位可见膈下线条状、新月状、半月状透亮影。因右膈高于左侧,故多见于右侧。如气体位于左膈下,则需与胃泡及结肠脾曲内气体鉴别。

② 不同体位气腹的表现:

•   左侧卧位水平投照,气体游离于肝脏与肠管之外侧缘;

•   仰卧水平投照,前腹壁下见游离气体;

•   仰卧前后位投照可呈圆形透亮的“足球征”,肝镰状韧带、下腹部八字排列的脐尿韧带可显影,肝脾边缘亦可显示。

③ 不游离于腹腔的气体:通常因气体进入其它腔隙或被包围在穿孔周围所致。

•   腹膜后充气:即胃肠道向腹膜后腔穿孔,可将腰大肌、肾脏显示;

•   肝、肾间隙积气:即十二指肠穿孔少量气体逸入,显示为肝下缘出现清晰的“新月”状透亮区;

•   小网膜囊内气体:见于上腹心影下方,通常呈分散的“泡沫”状或呈片状透亮区;

•   包围在穿孔周围的气体。此外可见纵隔积气和皮下气肿。

肠梗阻大致可分为几类?

① 机械性肠梗阻:因肠道内外或肠壁本身的病变,引起肠管狭窄以致堵塞所致,如肠套叠、肠粘连、肠扭转、肠蛔虫以及结核、肿瘤等;

② 动力性肠梗阻:可由于神经调节功能障碍,引起肠管张力和(或)动力障碍。由于受累神经不同,又分为麻痹性、痉挛性、混合性三种。常见原因有腹部手术后、创伤、炎症、铅中毒等;

③ 血管性肠梗阻:肠系膜动脉因血栓形成和栓塞、受压以及肠系膜静脉血栓或气栓等造成肠管血运障碍所致。

肠梗阻的肠道基本形态变化如何?

由于肠腔扩大,小肠只能显示环形皱襞阴影,大肠只能显示半月状皱襞阴影。

扩大充气的小肠、结肠呈连续的管状,小肠宽约3cm以上,左半结肠常达5cm以上,右侧结肠常达7cm以上。

立位拱形肠曲的液平面可出现两种表现:

•   长液平征:气柱低而扁,液平面宽,多达6cm以上,少数为3~4cm长,表示液平面位于拱形肠曲的上部,淹没了拱形肠曲顶部的下壁;

•   短液平征:气柱高耸、液平面较窄,表示液平面位于拱形肠曲的下部,不超过拱形肠曲顶部的下壁。

肠道积气/液、充/胀气有何不同?

以积气为主的肠袢多见于动力性肠梗阻、反射性肠淤积及机械性肠梗阻的早期等;以积液为主的肠袢见于机械性肠梗阻,特别是绞窄性肠梗阻。

积气又分为充气和胀气。充气即指肠腔内虽有气体,但肠腔管径无明显扩大;胀气则管径扩大或严重胀大。

如何鉴别充气或胀气的空/回/结肠?

表4-5  空、回、结肠鉴别表

什么是阶梯状液平面征?

为机械性肠梗阻在立位腹部平片较特征的X线征象之一。机械性小肠梗阻,导致梗阻近侧的小肠曲充气扩张,呈弓形或倒“U”形。每一弓形肠曲的两肢各有一气液面。

透视下观察,各气液面随肠蠕动上下不规则地移动,形似天平在上下摆动。由于弓形肠曲的液面在立位腹部平片自左上向右下呈阶梯状排列,故称为阶梯状液平面征。

肠套叠的发生机理、类型及临床表现是什么?

一段肠管向远端或近端的肠腔内套入称为肠套叠,属绞窄性肠梗阻,以6~10月的婴儿发病最多,男女比约为2:1。其发病机理一般认为是肠蠕动节律的紊乱。肠环形肌发生持续性的局部痉挛,其上部剧烈的肠蠕动将痉挛段肠管推入下部肠腔内形成肠套叠。

成人的肠套叠常为慢性,多继发于肿瘤、炎症、寄生虫等。

单纯性肠套叠肠壁反折分为三层:由内至外分别称为内筒、中筒和外筒(又称为套鞘)。内筒和中简称为套入部。中筒和外筒的反折部称为套叠颈部,中筒和内筒的反折部称套叠头部。

套叠依套入部和套鞘为序命名,如回肠套入结肠称为回结肠型,其它如回盲结肠型、回回结肠型、结结肠型、小肠小肠型等。其中以回结肠型和回盲结肠型最多。继发性慢性套叠,套头部通常有原发病灶。

婴幼儿套叠多为急性,以阵发性腹痛、呕吐、腹块及粘液样血便为其特征性症状。成人慢性肠套叠多有慢性腹痛,间歇发作,伴或不伴有不全梗阻症状。

肠套叠压力整复如何进行?

利用钡或空气灌肠压力整复肠套叠简便易行、痛苦少、死亡率低。但灌肠前必须排除有无肠坏死、肠穿孔等腹膜炎征象。

整复方法为:用双腔气囊尿管(Folley氏管),气囊用空针或注气球注入20ml气体使之扩张,堵住肛门;钡剂灌肠通常灌肠桶钡面高度不超过台面1米;空气灌肠多用一个三通管,分别连接注气球、血压表和双腔气囊管;空气灌肠的压力以40~60mmHg为宜,可增加至90mmHg,但不可超过120mmHg;当钡剂或气体充盈套叠部位时,可见套入部逐渐前移,以至消失,钡剂或空气进入回肠末端。

压力整复肠套叠的注意事项? 整复成功的标准是什么?

(1)整复前尽可能清洁灌肠,以免混淆诊断,同时万一灌肠穿孔,可减轻腹腔感染程度。

(2)为保持病儿安静和提高复位率,术前可适当给予镇静剂和阿托品。

(3)婴幼儿肠套叠超过72小时(现多主张超过24小时)时一般应禁忌压力复位。体温超过38℃,白细胞总数超过12×l09/L者应慎重对待。精神萎糜者(除外镇静剂所致)应慎重或禁忌整复。

(4)整复前应先行腹透,了解肠管充气情况,并观察有无气腹。

(5)套叠退缩困难时,可先试行间歇整复;如仍不脱套,则应考虑手术治疗。

(6)整复成功后,应禁食并观察24小时。必要时可补液,甚至用盐水保留灌肠。

(7)压力整复脱套成功的标准如下:①钡剂或空气大量进入小肠,否则不应视为成功;②盲肠充盈良好,回盲结肠型有时在盲肠壁上可见到大小不一的肿块(肠壁水肿所致),应继续观察,以防复发;⑧腹胀减轻,腹痛消失;④粘液血便消失(患儿多进入安睡)。

一般来说,如在24小时内整复,成功率可高达98%以上。但患儿越小,套入越深(尤其套头达横结肠中段以下)、时间越久则越难整复。

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    2022-08-21 医鸣惊人

    认真学习了

    0

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    2021-11-10 piaojinhua
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1240184, encodeId=4e32124018416, content=认真学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6EF3hKja8nER8RMzxQdria9eCYFhgLTLsDOeqnvIYdeLDz5eP6EnicLuE5gibiawgno4zUA0jAR7Nbtp2llQ9fs3Mk/0, createdBy=278f1986883, createdName=医鸣惊人, createdTime=Sun Aug 21 21:12:16 CST 2022, time=2022-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1298077, encodeId=6b7a12980e771, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c42d18892ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#X线#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18892, encryptionId=c42d18892ad, topicName=X线)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5c64275, createdName=piaojinhua, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 00:55:57 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1346396, encodeId=6f4f13463965e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=339e8332035' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胃肠道#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83320, encryptionId=339e8332035, topicName=胃肠道)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 00:55:57 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1428573, encodeId=f9b814285e377, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d2b525354a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#急腹症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52535, encryptionId=8d2b525354a, topicName=急腹症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=07ae4095227, createdName=qblt, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 00:55:57 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1592122, encodeId=f31d15921223e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a6709164e74' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊断要点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91647, encryptionId=a6709164e74, topicName=诊断要点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=11ae18086679, createdName=俅侠, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 00:55:57 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-11-10 qblt
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1240184, encodeId=4e32124018416, content=认真学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6EF3hKja8nER8RMzxQdria9eCYFhgLTLsDOeqnvIYdeLDz5eP6EnicLuE5gibiawgno4zUA0jAR7Nbtp2llQ9fs3Mk/0, createdBy=278f1986883, createdName=医鸣惊人, createdTime=Sun Aug 21 21:12:16 CST 2022, time=2022-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1298077, encodeId=6b7a12980e771, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c42d18892ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#X线#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18892, encryptionId=c42d18892ad, topicName=X线)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5c64275, createdName=piaojinhua, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 00:55:57 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1346396, encodeId=6f4f13463965e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=339e8332035' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胃肠道#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83320, encryptionId=339e8332035, topicName=胃肠道)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4dfa37, createdName=智者为医08, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 00:55:57 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1428573, encodeId=f9b814285e377, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d2b525354a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#急腹症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=109, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52535, encryptionId=8d2b525354a, topicName=急腹症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=07ae4095227, createdName=qblt, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 00:55:57 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1592122, encodeId=f31d15921223e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a6709164e74' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊断要点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91647, encryptionId=a6709164e74, topicName=诊断要点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=11ae18086679, createdName=俅侠, createdTime=Wed Nov 10 00:55:57 CST 2021, time=2021-11-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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