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骨巨细胞瘤的外科治疗方法

2016-01-28 佚名 中国骨与关节杂志2016年1月第5卷第1

骨巨细胞瘤(GCT)占原发骨肿瘤的4%~5%。多侵犯四肢长骨末端,以股骨下端、胫骨上端、桡骨远端、肱骨近端多见。约5%的GCT发生于扁骨,骨盆最多见。脊椎骨中最常发生于S1~5。病灶内刮除术后,辅助冷冻治疗或苯酚等局部烧灼治疗,局部复发率约25%。20%~30%的患者有持续进展的潜在恶性,约5%出现肉瘤变,经常发生于放射治疗后。组织学上没有恶变就可以发生转移,肺转移的发生率约为1%~4%。转移

骨巨细胞瘤(GCT)占原发骨肿瘤的4%~5%。多侵犯四肢长骨末端,以股骨下端、胫骨上端、桡骨远端、肱骨近端多见。约5%的GCT发生于扁骨,骨盆最多见。脊椎骨中最常发生于S1~5。病灶内刮除术后,辅助冷冻治疗或苯酚等局部烧灼治疗,局部复发率约25%。20%~30%的患者有持续进展的潜在恶性,约5%出现肉瘤变,经常发生于放射治疗后。组织学上没有恶变就可以发生转移,肺转移的发生率约为1%~4%。转移瘤平均发生在原发瘤诊断后的3~4年内,可以是单灶性或多灶性的。这些转移瘤通常生长非常缓慢(良性转移性肿瘤),甚至有些能自发消退。1818年,Cooper首次对GCT做出描述。此后近200年来,人们对GCT的认识逐渐深入,但目前仍存在一些问题尚未明确,如肿瘤的组织起源、病理学与临床预后的关系、治疗方法与复发的关系等。

GCT的外科治疗方法

对于GCT的外科治疗,最重要的是如何将肿瘤组织彻底刮除。一些学者报告了GCT囊内切除加局部化学或物理方法处理可取得较好的效果。文献报告有两种常用的附加治疗方法应用于GCT:液氮和苯酚。液氮是将细胞冰冻致其坏死,在切除肿瘤后的空腔内将残存肿瘤进行冰冻再解冻,如此几个循环,可取得比较好的效果。但应用液氮时须小心保护周围正常组织,液氮可使空腔周围1CM内的骨组织坏死,造成术后病理性骨折发生率高。即使在空腔内加用自体骨移植,病理骨折的发生率仍然较高。

苯酚是一种细胞毒性物质,高浓度苯酚可使细胞坏死,苯酚杀灭细胞比液氮要表浅。苯酚可以有效地杀灭肿瘤床内表面残存的肿瘤组织。因为苯酚对肿瘤和正常组织是无选择性地杀灭,保护周围组织显得尤为重要。另外,也有报告使用乙醇、氯化锌等处理GCT刮除后的瘤腔。甲基丙烯酸酯(骨水泥)常作为骨填充物重建骨缺损,其单体的毒性和聚合时产生的热量可用于辅助杀灭肿瘤。对于破坏大块骨质或侵犯邻近关节的侵袭性或复发性GCT,治疗以整块切除为主。可根据肿瘤的具体部位以及患者意愿选择自体骨移植、异体骨移植或人工假体置换。

GCT的综合治疗

对于GCT的放疗,目前尚存在争议。一般认为GCT对放疗并不敏感,并且可能导致肉瘤变的风险增加,但对于特殊部位、难以手术切除或有肺转移的GCT,采用中等剂量(35~40Gy)的放疗,可以有效控制病灶,同时也不会导致肉瘤变风险增加。GCT对化疗多不敏感,相关文献报道极少,也没有公认的有效药物和方案。GCT为溶骨性破坏的病变,双膦酸盐类药物(如唑来膦酸盐、帕米膦酸盐等)通过抑制破骨细胞介导的骨吸收,诱导GCT基质细胞和多核巨细胞的凋亡,从而达到限制骨破坏的作用。

Chang等研究发现,将双膦酸盐作为辅助治疗手段用于GCT患者,可以明显降低局部复发率。地诺单抗(denosumab)是一种特异性靶向RANKL的完全人源化单克隆抗体,阻止RANKL和其受体物质结合,抑制破骨细胞活化和发展,减少骨吸收,增加骨密度。2013年被美国食品药品管理局(FDA)批准用于治疗GCT。在一项由305例确诊为患有复发、不能切除的GCT患者参与的临床试验中,平均用药后3个月,在187例肿瘤能够被测量的患者中,47例肿瘤出现缩小。

根据读者的需要,本期GCT重点号就目前治疗的现状及进展组织了7篇稿件,作者来自国内4家骨肿瘤诊疗中心。“骶骨骨巨细胞瘤的外科治疗方法及结果评价”(作者郭卫)回顾了141例骶骨GCT的手术资料,并得出以下结论:对于骶骨GCT,通过术中控制出血措施,利用切刮除术可以有效降低局部复发率,同时可以最大程度地保留骶神经功能,是目前外科治疗较为合理的选择。

“活动脊柱骨巨细胞瘤的外科治疗”(作者杨建)回顾性分析120例脊柱GCT病例,作者认为手术方式是影响活动脊柱GCT复发的重要因素。全椎节切除尤其是肿瘤enbloc全椎节切除能显著降低GCT的局部复发率。“病灶刮除骨水泥填充治疗四肢骨巨细胞瘤的效果评价”(作者牛晓辉)指出:病灶扩大刮除骨水泥填充是治疗肢体GCT的有效方法,为了满意的肿瘤控制及功能结果,应在刮除时坚持扩大刮除术,最大限度地降低复发率;对于某些病例,应严格掌握适应证,必要时行切除术。

另外,对临床和影像学特点的分析,有助于认识疾病的侵袭程度和确定手术方案,并采取措施降低复发率。“膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤人工关节置换术后疗效评价”(作者耿磊)对25例膝关节周围GCT患者行瘤段切除+人工关节假体置换重建。结果显示效果满意,但远期并发症多,作者指出如何降低复发率及减少并发症是以后研究的重点。

“四肢骨巨细胞瘤局部灭活方法的评价”(作者曲华毅)指出:局部灭活可以降低GCT的复发率。液氮冷冻治疗及苯酚灭活是历史最悠久、也是最常用的GCT残腔处理方式,该研究报告了刮除肿瘤后采用10%的NaCl盐水浸泡瘤腔20min,可以有效降低局部复发率,取得了良好的治疗效果。残腔采用植骨还是骨水泥填充应根据患者的具体病情而定。多数肢体GCT可以通过局部病灶彻底刮除、高速磨钻处理结合局部灭活的方法达到治愈的目的。

“地诺单抗治疗复发或难治骨巨细胞瘤疗效和安全性的初步观察”(作者杨毅)指出:对于复发难治的GCT,地诺单抗是一种安全有效的治疗手段,恶性GCT和伴发肺转移的病例也应考虑接受地诺单抗治疗。在评估地诺单抗疗效时,应在RECIST标准基础上结合活检和PETCT结果。肿瘤组织RANKL表达水平与疗效具有相关性。地诺单抗长期用药安全性、停药指征和远期疗效是今后的研究重点。

“桡骨远端骨巨细胞瘤患者的不同方式腓骨近端移植治疗”(作者李文军)对24例桡骨远端GCT患者采用瘤段切除腓骨近端移植,对比不带血供和吻合血管游离移植两种方式后,结果显示移植腓骨均顺利成活,平均随访9.3年,肿瘤无复发。作者认为腓骨近端移植是桡骨远端GCT瘤段切除后桡腕关节重建的理想方法之一,切去<12CM腓骨近端移植可不带血供。以上内容基本囊括了目前GCT治疗的进展。相信本期GCT重点号内容一定会给读者带来新的知识,为以后的临床工作提供帮助。

来源:中国骨与关节杂志2016年1月第5卷第1期

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    2016-02-04 1de471f1m05(暂无匿称)

    视野开阔~谢谢

    0

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    2016-01-30 wwzzly
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    2016-01-29 李继凯

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