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Nature:哺乳动物细胞的生物计算器开发为病人带来福利

2012-06-09 T.Shen 生物谷

研究者重新编程了哺乳动物的细胞以便像袖珍计算机一样使细胞执行逻辑运算的能力。 (Credit: J. Kuster / ETH Zurich) 近日,来自苏黎世联邦理工学院的研究者重新编程了哺乳动物的细胞以便像袖珍计算机一样使细胞执行逻辑运算的能力。这些细胞欠缺一种最为复杂的基因调控网络,于是研究者构架了不同的基因调控网络使其可以进行运算,基于此,细胞可以进行特殊的代谢过程。科学家用生物组分开发

研究者重新编程了哺乳动物的细胞以便像袖珍计算机一样使细胞执行逻辑运算的能力。 (Credit: J. Kuster / ETH Zurich)

近日,来自苏黎世联邦理工学院的研究者重新编程了哺乳动物的细胞以便像袖珍计算机一样使细胞执行逻辑运算的能力。这些细胞欠缺一种最为复杂的基因调控网络,于是研究者构架了不同的基因调控网络使其可以进行运算,基于此,细胞可以进行特殊的代谢过程。科学家用生物组分开发出了回路元件,就好比是计算机技术和电气工程中的逻辑门(logic gates)一样,逻辑计算的基础是和AND或者XOR一起工作的。相关研究成果刊登在了国际著名杂志Nature上。

使用模块结构进行运算

研究者将不同的逻辑门进行结合,将其互连然后产生两个重要的组合回路-半加器和半减器。半加器可以添加两个二进制数,换句话说就是1和0;半减器是互相脱去这些二进制数。为了变成细胞计数器,研究者用两个输入信号来控制基因网络。随后科学家使用红霉素和根皮素来检验,例如在AND门中,所有的信息输入(红霉素和根皮素)对于细胞来说都必须存在才能计算出其中每一个的输出信号。因此基因网络可以触发荧光蛋白的形成,随后荧光蛋白使细胞发光,如果两种信号中的一种缺失,则细胞并不会发光。

第一个“真实的”程序化的细胞计算器

研究者Fussenegger表示,通过结合数个逻辑门,我们可以在哺乳动物细胞基因的调控网络上达到一种错综复杂的水平。值得注意的是,生物计算机可以平行加工两种输入和输出的信号,这就使得生物计算器可以分离数字电子技术。

迄今为止,生物计算器仅仅能够控制基本地二级制算术运算,科学家们已经意识到了酵母和细菌中的多种回路元件。

未来可以想象到的应用软件

通过科学家的描述,我们不难想象在未来,我们完全有可能将细胞计算器植入到病人体内,来远距离控制病人的机体新陈代谢,智能的细胞植入将被用于糖尿病病人的治疗,比如说,通过开发一种可以识别疾病相关代谢产物的回路,我们就可以控制治疗效应物的释放,比如胰岛素的释放等。然而研究者正在奋力进行研究,以使得我们的假象早日实现。(生物谷Bioon.com)

编译自:Molecular Algebra in Mammalian Cells

编译者:T.Shen

doi:10.1038/nature11149
PMC:
PMID:

Programmable single-cell mammalian biocomputers

Simon Ausländer,1 David Ausländer,1 Marius Müller,1 Markus Wieland1 & Martin Fussenegger1, 2

Synthetic biology has advanced the design of standardized control devices that program cellular functions and metabolic activities in living organisms1. Rational interconnection of these synthetic switches resulted in increasingly complex designer networks that execute input-triggered genetic instructions with precision, robustness and computational logic reminiscent of electronic circuits2, 3. Using trigger-controlled transcription factors, which independently control gene expression4, 5, and RNA-binding proteins that inhibit the translation of transcripts harbouring specific RNA target motifs6, 7, we have designed a set of synthetic transcription–translation control devices that could be rewired in a plug-and-play manner. Here we show that these combinatorial circuits integrated a two-molecule input and performed digital computations with NOT, AND, NAND and N-IMPLY expression logic in single mammalian cells. Functional interconnection of two N-IMPLY variants resulted in bitwise intracellular XOR operations, and a combinatorial arrangement of three logic gates enabled independent cells to perform programmable half-subtractor and half-adder calculations. Individual mammalian cells capable of executing basic molecular arithmetic functions isolated or coordinated to metabolic activities in a predictable, precise and robust manner may provide new treatment strategies and bio-electronic interfaces in future gene-based and cell-based therapies.

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